| A | B |
|---|
| Geology | the study of the earth's physical structure and history |
| Core | center of the earth which consists of hot metal. around it is outer core, made of liquid |
| Mantle | thick layer of rock around the core 1800 miles thick |
| Crust | rocky surface layer of the earth. 5-22 miles thick |
| Continents | large landmasses in the oceans |
| relief | different elevation between the highest and lowest points |
| % of water on earth | 70+% |
| 4 major types of landforms | mountains, hills, plateaus, plains |
| volcano | mountains formed by molten rock |
| Lava | molten rock |
| fold | the result of a crust layers bending and buckling |
| faults | breaks in the earth's crust |
| plate tectonics | states that the earths's outer shell is not one solid piece of rock, but several moving plates |
| continental drift theory | all of the continents used to belong to the supercontinent, but broke off and drifted apart |
| Pangea | the Supercontinent from which all continents sprung from |
| lake | a large inland body of either salt or freshwater |
| strait | A narrow channel joining two larger bodies of water |
| island | A land mass, especially one smaller than a continent, entirely surrounded by water |
| archipelago | A large group of islands |
| isthmus | A narrow strip of land connecting two larger masses of land |
| peninsula | A piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus |
| sound | To measure the depth of (water), especially by means of a weighted line |
| delta | a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water |
| gulf | A large area of a sea or ocean partially enclosed by land, especially a long landlocked portion of sea opening through a strait |
| canyon | A narrow chasm with steep cliff walls, cut into the earth by running water; a gorge |
| butte | A hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding area and has sloping sides and a flat top |
| volcanism | Volcanic force or activity |
| magma | The molten rock material under the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed by cooling |
| convection | a circular movement that occurs when materials are heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls |
| spreading | when two plates pull away from each other |
| subduction | when an oceanic plate & continental plate crash into each other, and oceanic plate slides under continental plate |
| converging 2 types | 2 oceanic or 2 continental plates crash into each other. if oceanic, one slides under other, resulting in archipelago. if continental, results in mountains |
| faulting | when plates slide or grind past each other |
| Ring of Fire | the area at the rim of the Pacific Ocean where most volcanic activity occurs |
| Sea Floor Spreading | the expansion of the ocean floor as lava flows through the rift valley |
| Rift valley | the crevice that is formed when two plates separate, allowing lava to flow out |
