| A | B |
|---|
| Geology | The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. |
| crust | The final layer surfacing the earth. |
| % of water | 70% |
| island | land mass, especially one smaller than a continent, entirely surrounded by water. |
| isthmus | A narrow strip of land connecting two larger masses of land. |
| delta | A usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river. |
| lake | A large inland body of fresh water or salt water. |
| magma | The molten rock material under the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed by cooling. |
| faults | A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to one another and parallel to the plane of fracture |
| Continental Drift Theory | The theory of continents being once together and drifting apart from each other and collided into each other ever since. |
| convection | The magma in the mantle going up and down and heating and colloing in a circular motion. |
| converging | Two types: oceanic-continental, continental-continental |
| core | the center of the earth |
| continents | One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. |
| 4 major types of landforms | mountains, canyons, trenches, valleys |
| archipelago | A large group of islands |
| peninsula | A piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus |
| gulf | A large area of a sea or ocean partially enclosed by land, especially a long landlocked portion of sea opening through a strait. |
| butte | A hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding area and has sloping sides and a flat top. |
| lava | magma that has spurted from the earth and now is on the crust surface. |
| plate tectonics | The theory of how plates move. |
| Sea Floor spreading | In the theory of plate tectonics, the process by which new oceanic crust is formed by the convective upwelling of magma at mid-ocean ridges, resulting in the continuous lateral displacement of existing oceanic crust. |
| spreading | Two diverging plates with new oceanic crust coming up. |
| faulting | A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to one another and parallel to the plane of fracture. |
| mantle | A layer inside the earth. |
| relief | The variations in elevation of an area of the earth's surface. |
| strait | A narrow channel joining two larger bodies of water. |
| volcano | An opening in the earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected. |
| canyon | A narrow chasm with steep cliff walls, cut into the earth by running water; a gorge. |
| volcanism | the study of volcanoes |
| fold | To form bends in (a stratum of rock). |
| Pangea | A supercontinent believed to exist billions of years ago before it broke apart. |
| rift valley | A deep fracture or break in two diverging crusts |
| subduction | A geologic process in which one edge of one crustal plate is forced below the edge of another. |
| ring of fire | An extensive zone of volcanic and seismic activity that coincides roughly with the borders of the Pacific Ocean. |
