| A | B |
|---|
| Peninsulares | – Colonist born in Spain; Spanish colonial; top of society; most power and rights |
| Creoles | Colonists born in Latin America to Spanish parents; lower class; “second class” citizens second in power to Peninsulares |
| Mestizos | – Mixed origin of Spanish and Native American ancestry; lower social class |
| Mulattos | Mixed origin of European and African ancestry; lower social class |
| Hispanola/Haiti | French colony (St. Dominique); 1st colony to free itself from European rule in Latin America |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Radicals in France and Europe revolted because they wanted democracy; nationalism; failed attempts at establishing republics |
| Edict of Emancipation | March 3, 1861 Czar Alexander II freed 20 million serfs – peasants were not always completely freed – some given land and had 50 years to pay it off (did not really improve condition) |
| Nationalism | Belief that people should remain loyal to their nation, to the people whom they share common culture, history, language, territory, etc; rather than to a king or empire; force of unity or division |
| Romantic movement | Early 19th Century movement in art and thought that focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and logic; glorified heroes and heroic actions, cherished folk stories and music |
| Gothic Novel | Horror story that often takes place in a medieval gothic castle; filled with fearful, violent, sometimes supernatural events; part of the romantic movement – evoked fear |
| Simon Bolivar | Venezuela – “The Liberator of Latin America”; wealthy Creole; defeated Spain 1819-1825; won independence for Venezuela, Peru, Columbia, Ecuador, and Bolivia |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Mexico – priest; well educated; 1st to move Mexico toward independence; led a failed rebellion in 1810 |
| Jose San Martin | Argentina & Chile– was a Creole; Liberator of Argentina, Chile,& Peru; believed in strict military discipline; displayed great courage in battle |
| Louis Napoleon | France – Built railroads, encouraged industrialization and initiated public works programs; nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte; 1848 proclaimed himself “Emperor” Napoleon III |
| Mazzini | – Italy – Nationalist leader; the “soul” of Italy; was a leader in the Revolutions of 1848; preached about Italian unification |
| Garibaldi | Italy – "Sword of Italian Unification"; led "Red Shirts" army' 1st to use guerilla warfare in Europe: won Southern Italy and Sicily for Unification. |
| Cavour | Sardinia – Prime minister; middle-aged aristocrat; expanded Piedmont – Sardinia’s power; worked for King Victor Emanual; known as the “brain of Italian unification” |
| Bismark | Germany – “Iron Chancellor”; real politics; Conservative; master of real politics; German unification; “Blood and Iron”; Chancellor of Prussian/Germany for Kaiser Willhelm; ruled as dictator; abused his power |
| Mary Shelley | – England – wrote Frankenstein, a gothic novel; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft |
