| A | B |
|---|
| Exceptions to the cell theory | original cell, viruses and seeds |
| prokaryotic cells | lack membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, small |
| eukaryotic cells | found in all living things except bacteria, have membrane-bound organelles, possess a nucleus |
| organelles | tiny, internal cell structures to help the cell perform specific functions |
| cell wall | rigid layer that surrounds a cell membrane in plants, monerans and fungus to provided shape and protection |
| cell membrane | separates the cell from its surroundings, maintains an internal evironment for the cell, controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell |
| fluid-mosaic model | the lipid bilayer of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails with proteins embedded throughout |
| selective permeability | allows some materials to pass thru freely while others only at certain times |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentrations |
| equilibrium | molecules spread evenly until there is no concentration gradient |
| facilitated diffusion | transport proteins help molecules get across the cell membrane |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| pinocytosis | endocytosis of liquids or small particles; cell drinking |
| phagocytosis | endocytosis of large particles; cell eating |
| endocytosis | the movement of molecules into a cell by way of a vesicle |
| exocytosis | the movement of molecules out of a cell by way of a vesicle |
| isotonic solution | solution has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the object in the solution |
| hypertonic solution | the solution has a greater amount of dissolved substances than the object in the solution |
| hypotonic solution | the solution has less dissolved substances than the object in the solution |
| passive transport | no cellular energy used to transport molecules |
| active transport | energy is used to transport molecules |
| nucleus | round structure serves as the control center for cell metabolism and reproduction |
| nuclear envelope | surrounds the nucleus as a double membrane and contains pores |
| nucleolus | produces ribosomes |
| chromosomes | contain the hereditary information of DNA and is found inside the nucleus |
| cytoplasm | liquid, jelly-like material where chemical reactions take place and sustain the organelles |
| endoplasmic reticulum | system of fluid filled canals that serve as transport paths throughout the cell |
| rough ER | ER with ribosomes |
| smooth ER | ER without ribosomes |
| ribosomes | synthesizes proteins |
| Golgi body | stacks of flattened sacs used to package proteins for distribution by the cell |
| lysosomes | small, sac-like structures containing digestive enzymes to digest foods, break down worn out organelles, defend against disease, and assist in development |
| mitochondria | location of cellular respiration; powerhouse |
| cytoskeletons | maintain the shape of cells |
| centrioles | involved in cell division |
| flagella and cilia | hair-like organelles with the ability to move |
| vacuoles | fluid-filled organelles |
| chloroplasts | chromoplasts; sites for photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll | pigment found in chloroplasts |
