| A | B |
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| The movement of organisms into a given area from another area is called ____. | immigration |
| When organisms leave a certain area, the movement is called ___. | emigration |
| When individuals reproduce at a constant rate, ____ growth occurs. | exponential (For example, bacteria dividing at a constant rate of once every 20 minutes can create a colony of over a million bacteria from one original bacterium in less than 7 hours) |
| The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented on a(an) ____ growth curve. | logistic |
| As resources in a population become less available, the population will reach its ___. | carrying capacity |
| The number of individuals per unit area is a population’s ____. | density |
| Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow _____. | exponentially |
| The graph of exponential population growth is described as a(n) _____-shaped curve. | J-shaped curve |
| The graph of logistic population growth is describes as a(n) _____-shaped curve. | S-shaped |
At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate accelerating?,  | Point A, |
| At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate the highest?, | The population growth "rate" is the highest at point B (Notice that the slope at point B is the steepest. The slope, rise over run, equals population growth/rise divided by time/run, which equals the population growth "rate"), |
| At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate slowing down?, | Point C, |
| At which point in the graph below is the population the highest?, | The population is the highest at point D (look along the y-axis), |
| At which point on the graph below is the population growth rate the lowest?, | The population growth rate is lowest at point D (notice that the population, even though it is at its highest, has stopped growing), |
| At which point in the graph below is the population at the carrying capacity?, | The population has reached the carrying capacity at point D (Remember, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support), |
| Parasitism, disease, and predation are examples of density - ______ limiting factors | dependent |
| Natural disasters and climate extremes are examples of density - _______ limiting factors | independent |
| The scientific study of human populations is called ___. | demography |
| ____ is a change from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates. | Demographic transition |
| The demographic transition begins when a country's ______ -rate changes. | death-rate |
Which of these two age structure diagrams shows a country that is poised to grow rapidly in population in the near future,  | diagram A, |
| Which of these two age structure diagrams shows the typical human age structure of a first-world modernized country?, | diagram B, |
| The use of pesticides, fertilizers, and large machinery best describes ____. | the green-revolution |
| Not using artificial pesticides or fertilizers, and rotating crops, best describes _____. | organic farming |
| _________ forests are nonrenewable resources. | Old growth (these forests are considered to be nonrenewable because it takes hundreds and even thousands of years for forests to mature to the point where they are considered to be old growth) |
| The practice of only taking a certain amount of a renewable resource each year so that the supply doesn't go down year-after-year is called ___. | sustainable development |
| Sulfur and nitrogen compounds in smog combine with water in clouds to form ___. | acid rain |
| The loss of surface soil by water and wind is called ___. | erosion |
| Loss of topsoil due to over-farming or grazing in areas with hot dry climates can lead to ___. | desertification (the process of land turning becoming more desert-like) |
| Which type of aquatic ecosystem helps purify water? | wetlands |
| The raising and feeding of fish in enclosed areas so they can be harvested later is called ____. | aquaculture |
| Microscopic dust-like pollution is referred to as ______. | particulates |
| When a resource can be used for profit by everyone, it can be overused unless its use is regulated by a government agency. If the resource is not regulated and gets depleted due to overuse, its destruction can be referred to as ___. | the tragedy of the commons |
| The number of different species on Earth is called _____ | species diversity |
| The sum total of the genetically based variety of different organisms on Earth is called ___. | biodiversity |
| An insecticide that causes more and more harm as it is ingested and travels up the food chain is _____. | DDT |
| The process whereby a nonbiodegradeable nondigestible substance (like DDT or mercury) becomes more and more concentrated in the flesh of animals higher and higher on the food chain is called _____. | biomagnification |
| The single greatest threat to biodiversity is _____. | habitat destruction |
| The sum total of all the different genes that make up different traits in organisms on this planet is described by ____ | genetic diversity |
| The Burmese Pythons in the Florida Everglades would be considered a(n) _______ species | invasive |
| Biomagnification causes some species of tuna to have high levels of _____ in their meat, and can be unsafe for pregnant mothers and infants. | mercury |
| Gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet light have _____ wavelengths of energy than visible light. | shorter,  |
| Radiowaves, microwaves, and infrared have _____ wavelengths of energy than visible light. | longer |
| Energy that strikes an object and bounces back is said to be ______. | reflected |
| Energy that strikes an object and passes right through the object (like visible light going through glass) is said to be ______. | transmitted |
| Energy that strikes an object and causes the object to gain energy (by causing its electrons to move further from the nucleus) is said to be ______. | absorbed |
| The higher energy wavelengths of energy that reach the earth are absorbed by the ground (and water), causing the Earth to heat up. The Earth tries to cool down by radiating energy back into space, usually in the form of longer wavelength ________ rays that can be blocked from escaping by greenhouse gases. | infrared,  |
| The Earth must ____ or reflect about the same amount of energy coming in from the sun back out into space, or else the Earth will gain more and more energy, causing it to heat up. | radiate, |
| Greenhouse gases are gases that transmit energy coming from the ____ but absorb energy coming from the ____. | sun, ground |
| The ____ is what keeps our planet warm enough for life to exist. | greenhouse effect |
| _________ refers to the increase in average temperature of the Earth's biosphere. | Global warming |
| The extra energy in the atmosphere due to the warming of Earth's climate may be leading to stronger ______. | storms |
| Besides temperature, what else has been rising due to global warming? | sea levels (due to melting ice caps and glaciers) |
| Which gas gets the majority of the blame for global warming? | carbon dioxide (Even though water vapor is in higher concentrations on average than CO2, and produces most of the greenhouse effect humans have not been directly adding any additional water vapor to the air. Methane is a stronger greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but is in a much lower concentration in the air than CO2) |
| Which gas is the second leading culprit for causing global warming, and is an even stronger greenhouse gas than the one that gets most of the blame for global warming? | Methane (Methane is even more efficient at trapping heat than CO2, but there's much less of it, so it doesn't get as much of the blame) |
| There is a lot of methane trapped in arctic permafrost. As global temperatures rise, more and more permafrost melts, releasing this greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. The system just described is an example of a _____ feedback system. | positive (It's an example of a positive feedback because it accelerates global warming. The warming causes permafrost to melt, releasing more methane, which traps more heat, which causes more permafrost melting, which releases more methane, which traps more heat, etc....) |
| A growing tree can help lower the amount of _______ in the atmosphere because it is a gas that is required (along with water), for photosynthesis to occur. Photosynthesis converts the carbon atoms in this gas into the organic molecules that make up the growing tree. | carbon dioxide |
| Which human activity is the second leading cause of the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere? | Deforestation (Cutting down forests prevents trees from doing photosynthesis, leading to less CO2 being taken out of the atmosphere. Often times, the forests are burned to clear them quickly so the land can be farmed. Burning the trees releases the carbon stored in the trees directly back into the atmosphere as CO2) |
| If global warming caused the average amount of cloud cover on this planet to increase, that would be an example of a _____ feedback because clouds are good at reflecting energy from the sun back out into space, and would help slow down global warming. | negative (A negative feedback happens when anything that is caused by the increase in something works to slow down the increase in that original cause) |
| Ozone (O3) is a gas that is good at absorbing ________ radiation coming in from the sun. | UV (which stands for ultraviolet) |
| TRUE or FALSE: We need more ozone in our lower atmosphere. | FALSE (Ozone in the lower atmosphere causes lung irritation and damage to our lung tissues. Pollution interacting with sunlight near the ground causes ground-level ozone to form) |
| What type of gas breaks down ozone when it bumps into ozone? | CFCs (Chlorinated fluorocarbons act as a catalyst. When ozone bumps into this molecule, it breaks down into regular oxygen gas (O2) which isn't as good at absorbing high energy radiation from the sun as ozone is. Since CFC's act as a catalyst, they don't break down themselves but remain in the upper atmosphere for a very long time, continually breaking down ozone) |
| CFC's are a type of gas that used to be used in refrigerators and aerosol cans. Which gas do they destroy when they come into contact with it? | ozone |
