| A | B |
|---|
| West Virginia | new state during the Civil War, formed from the western counties of Virginia that refused to secede |
| border states | slave states that did not secede |
| Maryland, Missouri, & Kentucky | the three border states with divided loyalties |
| martial law | rule in which the military (army) is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended |
| First Battle of Bull Run | crushing defeat suffered by Union Army; dashed expectations of a quick victory for both sides |
| Elmira, New York & Andersonville, Georgia | overcrowded prison camps where the conditions were terrible |
| ironclads | warships covered with protective iron plates |
| General George McClellan | overly cautious Union general who led Union Army in the East in 1861; replaced after failing to pursue Lee after Antietam |
| Robert E. Lee | one of the Confederacy's top generals; led Confederate Army in the East; lost key battles at Gettysburg and Richmond |
| U.S. (Ulysses S.) Grant | less cautious Union general who led Union Army in the West from 1861-1864, then became commander of all Union forces |
| Battle of Shiloh | Union victory; Union Army gained control of western Tennessee; army was commanded by U.S. Grant |
| Admiral David G. Farragut | commander of a Union fleet that captured New Orleans giving Union Army control of almost all of Mississippi River |
