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| Johannes Gutenberg | Goldsmith and inventor Johannes Gutenberg was a political exile from Mainz, Germany, when he began experimenting with printing in Strasbourg, France, in 1440. |
| The Medici family | ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. |
| Florence | The city's economy and its writers, painters, architects, and philosophers all made Florence a model of Renaissance culture. |
| New Values | Focus is centered on Humanism, Secularism, and individualism |
| New Ideals | Among them were humanism, individualism, skepticism, well-roundedness, secularism, and classicism. |
| Pope Martin V | A cardinal subdeacon who had helped organize the Council of Pisa in 1409, he was unanimously elected pope on Nov. 11, 1417, in a conclave held during the Council of Constance (1414–18), which had been called to end the Great Schism (1378–1417), a split in the Western church caused by multiple claimants to the papacy. |
| Renaissance in Northern Europe | brought the spread of writers & humanists |
| Giotto de Bondone | was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the Italian Renaissance. he painted realistic figures whose faces and gestures show strong human emotions. |
| Dante Alighieri | still one of the most important people of all time because he wrote the Divine Comedy, he wrote this book it marked the endpoint of the middle ages. Dante wrote in a modern european vernacular, or the common dialect which was Italian not Latin. Dante was the father of italian language. |
| Lorenzo Ghiberti | Italian sculptor, goldsmith, architect, painter, and writer; a major transitional figure between the late Gothic and Renaissance worlds. He made two pairs of bronze doors for the Baptistery in Florence. One pair, the “Doors of Paradise”, is considered his masterpiece. |
| Filippo Brunelleschi | was one of the leading architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance, and is best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence. |
| Donatello | A sculptor who revolutionized the art in Florence during the early Renaissance. Born as Donato di Niccolo Bardi, he was an apprentice in the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti, and assisted Ghiberti in creating the famous bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence. He is best known for his statue of David. |
| Masaccio | heralded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western painting, introducing the perspective and naturalism that would characterise the art of the Renaissance, and continue to dominate Western European art until the late 19th century. |
| Machiavelli | He wrote The Prince, his shrewd guidelines to power in the 16th century, he was an exiled statesman angling for a post in the Florentine government. It was his hope that a strong sovereign, as outlined in his writing, could return Florence to its former glory. |
| Raphael | master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. |
| Michaelangelo | widely regarded as the most famous artist of the Italian Renaissance. Among his works are the "David" and "Pieta" statues and the Sistine Chapel frescoes. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | was a leading artist and intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who's known for his enduring works "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa." Art, he believed, was indisputably connected with science and nature. |
| Durer | was regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His work includes altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, engravings, and woodcuts. His prints diffused his new style, a fusion of the German realistic tradition with the Italian ideal of beauty. |
| Renaissance Spirit | The Renaissance spirit was one of rejuvenation, enthusiasm, and experimentation. It is perhaps in art that this bold new spirit reached its sharpest formulation, in particular in the works of geniuses such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. |
| Age of Exploration | The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge. |
| Nicholas Copernicus | was a mathematician and astronomer during a time of artistic and scientific innovation called the Renaissance. His model of the universe as revolving around the sun, called the heliocentric theory, challenged the existing view of Earth as the center of the universe. |
| Tycho Brahe | was a Danish nobleman and astronomer, and he was one of the individuals whose work helped overturn that belief in favor of a heliocentric model of the universe, with the sun at the center. |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion, conventionally designated as follows: (1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus; (2) the time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc (the “area law”); and (3) there is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits (the “harmonic law”). |
| Galileo Galilei | He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun. These observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun. |
| Andres Vesalius | published 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica'. The book was based largely on human dissection, and transformed anatomy into a subject that relied on observations taken directly from human dissections. |
| William Harvey | English physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea. |
| Zacharias Janssen | was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope. |
| Isaac Newton | English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His discovery of calculus led the way to more powerful methods of solving mathematical problems. |
| Fresco | the art or technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture. |
| Vernacular | the speech of the "common people". In the European tradition, this effectively means literature not written in Latin. |
| florin | a former British coin and monetary unit worth two shillings. |
| The Prince | influenced political thought from his time to the present and is as relevant to politics today as it was in 1513. His work and ideas have endured for centuries. It is for this reason that Machiavelli had the biggest influence on history of any individual of the Renaissance or Reformation. |
| Caravel | The caravel was a vessel of paramount importance in the 15th and 16th centuries, when it was used to traverse the immense barrier to the New World. For much of its life, the Caravel featured triangular “lateen” sails that, combined with its eminent maneuverability, allowed it to sail into the wind using a zigzagging technique known as “beating to windward.” |
| Amerigo Vespucci | is best known for his namesake: the continents of North and South America. The Italian explorer who set forth the then revolutionary concept that the lands that Christopher Columbus sailed to in 1492 were part of a separate continent. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. |
| Martin Luther | His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism. |
| Reformation | was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church. |
| Protestant | believe that it takes away from the authority of the Bible to believe in any other source of scriptural truth. 2. The Nature of Salvation: Protestants believe that all that is necessary for salvation is faith in Jesus Christ and acceptance of his crucifixion as payment for our sins. |
| Act of Supremacy | English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.” The act also required an oath of loyalty from English subjects that recognized his marriage to Anne Boleyn. |
| Jesuits | a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education. |
| Henry Tyndale | was an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his (incomplete) translation of the Bible into English. |
