| A | B |
|---|
| Paleolithic/Neolithic Revolution | transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement. |
| Early River Valley Civilizations | Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Indus-Ganges (Harrappan/Indian), Yellow River (Shang) |
| Silk Road | important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean. |
| Islam | The religion of Muslims, originated in the Middle East, Prophet Muhammad, Holy Book: Quran, 5 Pillars of Faith |
| Christianity | The religion of Christians, originated in the Middle East, Messiah: Jesus, Holy Book: Bible |
| Judaism | The religion of the Jewish, originated in the Middle East, Old Testament: Holy Book: Torah |
| Buddhism | Founded in Asia, Buddha, Eightfold Path, Four Noble Truths, Nirvana |
| Hinduism | Founded in India, Reincarnation,Karma, Dharma, Caste System |
| Caste System | A caste system is a class structure that is determined by birth. Found in Hinduism, it's believed if you do your "Dharma" or duty, you will be rewarded in your next life with a move up in caste. |
| Confucianism | a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius. Founded in China, it stresses the importance of filial piety and five relationships. |
| Animism, Daoism, Shintoism | All three of these belief systems believe in spirits that exist in nature. |
| European Feudalism | System that came about after the fall of Rome for protection. King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants. it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. Entered into Feudal contracts, chivalry, knight's code. |
| Fall of the Roman Empire | 1. Military Reasons- army became weak, unable to protect against invasion. 2. Political Reasons: Corrupt Government. 3. High taxes while the gov't was living in luxury |
| Marco Polo | Italian explorer- 1300's, traveled to Asia- met Kublai Khan (Mongol ruler of China) |
| Mesopotamia | The Mesopotamian culture also developed the first written language, religion, and agriculture. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. |
| Hammurabi's Code | a Babylonian legal code, instituted by Hammurabi and dealing with criminal and civil matters."Eye for an Eye" |
| Legalism | Found in China, holds that human beings are essentially bad because they are inherently selfish. No one, unless forced to, willingly sacrifices for another. According to the precepts of Legalism, if it is in one's best interest to kill another person, that person will most probably be killed. In order to prevent such deaths, a ruler had to create a body of laws which would direct people's natural inclination of self-interest toward the good of the state. |
| Bantu Migration | The migration of the Bantu people in Africa from their origins in West Africa. The reasons for the Bantu migrations are unknown to many, but they most likely include these listed below: Drying up of the Sahara grasslands which led groups that practiced agriculture to migrate in search of new fertile land and water for farming. |
| Gold-Salt Trade | Camel caravans from North Africa carried bars of salt as well as cloth, tobacco, and metal tools across the Sahara to trading centers like Djenne and Timbuktu on the Niger River. Some items for which the salt was traded include gold. |
| Desertification/Africa | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. Happens every year to the Sahara desert in Africa. |
| Mansa Musa | Muslim ruler of the West African Nation of Mali. Took a pilgrimage to Mecca where he threw around his riches- ultimately led to the decline of his empire. |
| Alexander the Great | King of Ancient Greece's Macedonia- conquered territories: Egypt, Persia and the Asian Minor |
| Hellenistic Culture | The culture that developed after the time period of Alexander the Great- a combination of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian influences |
| Byzantine Empire | Came about after the fall of Rome in Eastern Europe- adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity, trade center: Constantinople, influenced the culture of Kiev Russia |
| Constantinople | Major trade center in Eastern Europe- part of the Byzantine Empire |
| Greek City-States | Developed individually due to the mountainous geography of Greece. Examples: Athens, Sparta |
| Greek Philosophers | Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, later influenced the Renaissance |
| Monotheism | the belief in one god. Examples: Christianity, Judaism, Islam |
| Polytheism | the belief in many gods. Examples: Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Trade Routes | Early trade routes: Silk Road & Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Complex, Trans-Saharan. Later trade routes: Atlantic Ocean, Middle Passage |
| Silk Road | Trade routes that connected Europe to Asia |
| Golden Ages | a time of peace, stability, prosperity, and interest in cultural achievements |
| Golden Age of Rome | Called "Pax Romana"- creation of aqueducts, roads connecting empire, Roman architecture: Arches |
| Golden Age of Tang/Song | Moveable type, gunpowder, tea-drinking, porcelain |
| Muslim Golden Age | Abassid and Ummayad Dynasties:algebra, the study of medicine, cataract surgery |
| Golden Age of India/ Gupta | Copper coins, iron pillars, advancements in Math: concept of Zero |
| Mongols | originally a nomadic tribe, dominated Asia by the 1300's. Led by Genghis Khan and his sons/grandsons- fierce warriors on horseback, invention of the foot stirrup |
| Renaissance | the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 1400's. Started in Italian city-states and spread thanks in part to the printing press. |
| Humanism | An intellectual movement that emphasized liberal arts and humanities: grammar, logic, poetry, philosophy, history. Learned Greek and Latin, and learned how to be scholars, public speakers, and politicians. |
| Zheng He | Chinese explorer during the Ming Dynasty. Greatly led to advancements in exploration- after his death, China's exploration stopped. |
| Ottoman Empire | Took over the Byzantine Empire, |
| Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther posts 95 theses on the church door, complaints about Catholic church's sale of indulgences, leads to creation of new religions |
| Age of Exploration | Late 1400's to early 1500's: Driving Forces, Gold, God, Glory. The search for new trade routes as a result of the fall of Constantinople. |
| Effects of Exploration | - Decrease in Native population,- Defeat of Native Empires by conquistadors, - Start of the Atlantic Slave Trade, - Columbian Exchange of plants, animals, diseases |
| Aztecs | Civilization of MesoAmerica, known for human sacrificing, causeways, chinampas, were taken over by Hernan Cortes |
| Incas | Civilization of South America in the Andes mountains, conquered by Fransisco Pizarro, Known for their terraces and roads connecting the emptire |
| Mayans | Civilization in America known for their pyramids, calendar, and writing system. |
| Mandate of Heaven | is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. Part of the Dynastic Cycle |
| Civil Service Exam | created in China, test those had to study for and take to be part of the government. |
| Black Plague | Disease spread through fleas/rats/trade, that greatly impacted the population of the eastern world. |
| Sammurai Bushido Code | The unwritten Samurai code of conduct, known as Bushido, held that the true warrior must hold that loyalty, courage, veracity, compassion, and honor as important, above all else. |
| Fall of Constantinople | Ottomans were able to defeat the Byzantine Empire due to their soldiers: jannisaries, and use of cannons. Changed name to Istanbul. This disrupted trade routes. |
| Justinian Code | legal code of eastern Rome ; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law. |
| Golden Age of African City-States | Achieved a golden Age thanks in part to the gold-salt trade, and control of the Trans- Saharan trade routes |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, diseases over the next 100s of years as a result of Columbus' arrival in the Americas |
| Printing Press | created by Johannes Gutenberg, lead to the spread of information and ideas. |
| Magna Carta/ English Bill of Rights | limited the power of the monarchy in England |
| Absolutism | Absolute monarchy or absolutism meant that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right. |
| Mercantilism | an economic system based on trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that came as a result of European exploration |
