| A | B |
|---|
| MINERALS | inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans; |
| Electrolytes | mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function;capable of conducting electric current |
| electrolyte imbalance can lead to | coma or cardiac arrest |
| water is | 50% to 75% of body weight |
| Solvency | ability to dissolve other chemicals |
| Hydrophilic | substances that dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic | substances that do not dissolve in water |
| universal solvent | water |
| Four categories of carbon compounds | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids |
| Three important monosaccharides | Glucose, galactose, and fructose |
| blood sugar | glucose |
| Disaccharide | sugar made of two monosaccharides |
| Three important disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Polysaccharides | long chains of monosaccharides |
| examples of polysaccharides | glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| Lipids | hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen; fatty acids, triglycerides, steroids, etc |
| triglycerides primary function | energy storage |
| phospholipid | Structural foundation of cell membrane |
| steroids | cholesterol, sex hormones, bile acids |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | genes; contains millions of nucleotides |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid 3 types | Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA |
| Three components of nucleotides | nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group |
| Peptide bond | joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next |
| Protein | a polymer of amino acids |
| FATTY ACID | precursor to triglycerides; source of energy |
| TRIGLYCERIDE (NEUTRAL FAT) | 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol; broken down by hydrolysis |
| SUCROSE | glucose + Fructose (table sugar) |
| LACTOSE | glucose + galactose (sugar in milk) |
| MALTOSE | glucose + glucose (grain products) |
| GLYCOGEN | energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina |
| STARCH | energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans |
| CELLULOSE | structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (but indigestible to us) |
| when triglycerides are solid they are called | fat |
| when triglycerides are liquid they are called | oil |
| essential fatty acids | must be obtained from food |
| inorganic compounds | minerals Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na and S |
| ions | gain or lose electrons;charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electron |
| cation | particle that loses electron(s) (net positive charge) |
| anion | particle that gains electron(s) (net negative charge) |
| polar covalent bonds and V-shaped molecule of water gives properties that make it able to support life | solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability |
| 3 types of carbohydrates | monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide and conjugated carbohydrates |
| galactose | converted to glucose and metabolized |
| fructose | fruit sugar- converted to glucose and metabolized |
| eicosanoids and steroid homones | used to communicate messages between cells |
| fat soluble vitamins | A, D, K, E |
| bile acids | steroid that aids in fat digestion and nutrient absorption |
| peptide bonds | combine amino acids to form proteins |
| 4 protein structures | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| nucleic acids | DNA, RNA |
