| A | B |
|---|
| Anatomy is the study of body | structure |
| physiology is the study of body | function |
| Levels of organization | Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms |
| Definition of homeostasis | maintaining stable internal conditions |
| examples of positive feedback | childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, nerve signals |
| examples of negative feedback | body temperature control, postural control of Blood pressure |
| axial skeleton includes | skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. |
| axial skeleton includes these cavities | cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, spinal cavity |
| appendicular skeleton includes | limbs and pectoral girdle |
| the __________ separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities | diaphragm |
| the heart is surrounded by__________ membranes | pericardium |
| all terms start with body in | anatomical position |
| anatomical position | face forward, arms at side with palms forward |
| _________ divides body into left and right | median plane |
| _________ divides body into superior and inferior | transverse plane |
| _________ divides body into anterior and posterior | coronal plane |
| abdominal cavity is divided into four | quadrants |
| ________ is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties | element |
| major elements of the body | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus |
| definition of minerals | solid inorganic substance occurs naturally |
| examples of minerals | sodium, potassium, calcium |
| definition of electrolyte | substances that ionize in water forming a solution that conducts electricity (needed for nerve conduction and muscle contraction) |
| examples of electrolytes | Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+ |
| properties of water that account for ability to support life | Solvency Cohesion Adhesion Chemical reactivity Thermal stability |
| all chemical reactions of body are collectively known as | metabolism |
| primary categories of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| different types of carbohydrates include | monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| example of a polysaccharide | glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| 5 primary types of lipids | Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Eicosanoids Steroids |
| proteins are made of | amino acids |
| 4 different protein structures | primary, secondary, tertiary, quanternary |
| DNA and RNA are examples of | nucleic acid |
| DNA structure | double helix, phosphate group alternate with deoxyribose, steps composed of nitrogenous base |
| DNA function | storage of genetic instructions |
| RNA structure | single strand, ribose replaces deoxyribose and uracil replaces thymine |
| RNA function (3 types) messenger, ribosomal, transfer) | Protein synthesis |
| chromosome | made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure |
| stages of cell cycle | Growth1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth2 (G2), and mitotic |
| G1 (growth1) stage | Growth and normal metabolic roles |
| G2 Growth2) stage | Growth and preparation for mitosis |
| S (synthesis) stage | DNA replication |
| 4 phases in mitotic stage | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm into 2 cells |
| cytoplasm | Jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, surrounds the nucleus |
| organelle | Internal structures of a cell, carry out specialized metabolic tasks |
| plasma membrane structure (cell membrane) | border of cell composed of 98% lipids (75% of lipids are phospholipid. 20% cholesterol and 5% glycolipid) and proteins (integral and peripheral proteins) |
| centrioles | a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each; helps with formation of spindle fibers |
| ribosomes | small granules of protein and RNA; read genetic code messages and assembles amino acids into proteins |
| nucleus | cellular metabolism and growth; Store and maintain DNA for transcription and replication |
| nucleolus (composed of RNA and proteins) | make rRNA which helps in the production of ribosomes |
| mitochondria | specialized for synthesizing ATP; powerhouse of cell |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lacks ribosomes;make cellular products like hormones and lipids |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes; synthesis of protein |
| lysosome | digestion and waste removal |
| golgi complex (system of cisternae) | synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis |
| peroxisomes | use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules |
| cell membrane (plasma membrane) function | Defines cell boundaries. Governs interactions with other cells Controls passage of materials in and out of cell |
| 3 ways to transport across cell membrane | Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion |
| diffusion | movement of small or lipophilic molecules |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins |
| osmosis | movement of water molecules |
