| A | B |
|---|
| * What is "Big Idea #1"? | The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. p2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #2"? | Biological systems use energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. p. 2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #3"? | Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. p. 2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #4"? | Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions exhibit complex properties. p. 2 |
| ______ is the fundamental principle of biology and the core theme of the AP textbook. | Evolution p.2 |
| Biology is the study of _____. | life p.2 |
| * What are the five unifying themes in biology? | Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, Evolution. p. 3 |
| * _____ is an approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. | Reductionism p.3 |
| New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | Emergent properties p.3 and G9 |
| ________ is a branch of biology that investigates and models (usually mathematically) the complex interactions between components in a biological system.ns | Systems biology p.3 (For instance, modelling how earth's atmosphere interacts with Earth's biosphere and lithosphere, and how each effects the other, would be an example of a systems biology approach to studying the environment) |
| There is usually a close relationship between a biological structure (such as the beak of a bird) and its ______. | function p.3 |
| The basic unit of structure and function in biology is the _____. | cell p.3 |
| ______ cells are only found in two groups of organisms, bacteria and archaea, and these types of cells lack a _____ and other _______ organelles. | Prokaryotic, nucleus, membrane-bound p. 4 |
| _____ cells are the type of cells that are found in most living organisms on this planet and are characterized by having _______ organelles. | Eukaryotic, membrane-bound p. 4 |
| * What are the ten levels of biological organization, starting with the largest and ending with the smallest? | Biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules p.4&5 |
| The ______ consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists. | biosphere p.4 |
| A(n) ______ consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components with which they interact. | ecosystem p.4 |
| All of the living things that interact in a certain area make up a(n) ______. | community p.4 |
| A(n) ____ consists of all the members of a single species that live and interact in a certain area. | population p.4 |
| Individual living things are called _____. | organisms p.4 |
| A(n) ____ is a body part made up of multiple tissues and has a specific function within the body. | organ p.5 |
| A(n) ___ is a group of cells that work together , performing a specialized function. | tissue p.5 |
| A(n) ____ is a specific functional component found within a cell. | organelle p.5 |
| A(n) _____ is something that consists of two or more atoms bonded together with covalent bonds. | molecule p.5 |
| Eukaryotic cells are much ____ than prokaryotic cells. | larger p.5 |
| * Prokaryotic cells are much ____ than eukaryotic cells. | smaller p.5 |
| * Within cells, structures called _____ contain genetic material in the form of DNA. | chromosomes p.6 |
| Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of ____. | DNA p.6 |
| * How many molecules of DNA can be found within a chromosome? | One p.6 |
| The molecule of DNA in a chromosome can be divided into hundreds (or even thousands) of sections called ____, each of which encode the information necessary to build a specific molecule within the cell. | genes p.6 |
| * Most genes contain the instructions for making a type of molecule called a(n) ____. | protein p.6 |
| * The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its _____. | genome p.7 |
| * ____ is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species. | Genomics p.7 and G13 |
| * ____ is the study of sets of proteins and their properties within a cell. | Proteomics p.7 |
| * The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism is called a(n) ______. | proteome p.7 |
| * Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, usually entering as _____ and exiting as _____. | light, heat p.8 |
| A(n) _____ is an organism that uses energy, usually in the form of sunlight, to build food molecules that store energy for later use. | producer p.8 |
| A(n) _____ is an organism that obtains its energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains. | consumer p.8 |
| * In contrast to energy, which flows through an ecosystem in ____ direction, chemicals ____ within an ecosystem. | one, cycle p.8 |
| By burning fossil fuels, humans have increased the levels of _____ in the atmosphere, which is a molecule that traps heat and has lead to global warming. | carbon dioxide p.8 |
| ____ is a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time. | Evolution p.9 |
| * Evolution accounts for both the ____ and ____ of life. | unity, diversity p.9 |
| * TRUE or FALSE: All organisms on this planet share the same genetic code. | TRUE (The genetic code is the code that is used to translate the order of nucleotides within DNA into the sequence of amino acids needed to make a particular protein. DNA from a human can be inserted into any organism on this planet, and that organism will make the same proteins that would be made by the human. You will learn more about this when we study genetic engineering later in the year.) p. 11 |
| The mechanism that Darwin proposed to explain what causes evolution is ______. | natural selection p.12 |
| Scientists use a process of inquiry that includes making observations, then forming logical explanations for their observations called ________ that they then test. | hypotheses p.13 |
| Biology, like other sciences, begins with ______. | making observations p.13 |
| Recorded observations are called ____. | data p.14 |
| * Data that is recorded as descriptions of what was observed is called ____ data. | qualitative p.14 |
| * Data that is recorded as a numerical measurement is called ____ data. | quantitative p.14 |
| * The practice of making generalized conclusions from a large set of specific observations is called _____ reasoning. | inductive p.14 (In deductive reasoning, you take a broad generalization and make specific predictions based on it. In inductive reasoning, you do the opposite. You take a number of specific smaller observations and make a larger generalized conclusion based on them) |
| * The testable predictions that can be made based on a particular hypothesis would be an example of _____ reasoning. | deductive p.14 (In deductive reasoning, you take a broad generalization and make specific predictions based on it. In inductive reasoning, you do the opposite. You take a number of specific smaller observations and make a larger generalized conclusion based on them) |
| To be considered a "controlled" experiment, only ___ variable is tested at a time | one p.16 (That one variable is considered to be the independent variable. It is the only thing that is different between the experimental and control groups.) |
| The variable that is tested by scientists in an experiment is called the _____ variable. | independent p.16 |
| The variables that are measured in an experiment are called _____ variables. | dependent p.16 (They are called dependent variables because they are dependent on how the scientist manipulates the variable being tested, which is called the independent variable) |
| Unlike a hypothesis, a scientific ______ has already been well-tested and has a large body of observations supporting it. | theory p.17 |
