| A | B |
|---|
| Neurons | 1. structure- dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin, axon endings. 2. Function - conduct impulses through out all of the nervous system a. detect stimuli b. repsond to stimuli 3. types - sensory, interneurons and motor neurons |
| dendrites job | "satelite station/detectors" -a) branch like extentions that dectect stimuli and send signal to cell body |
| Cell body's job | "mission control" -a) process signals from dendrites and apss to axons -b)necleus and organells are in here |
| axon's job | "fiber optic cable" -a) carries signal from cell body to end of axon -b) is covered in myelin which causes the signals sent to move faster -c) nodes of ranvier - non myelin covered portions of the axon |
| axon ending's job | "landing pads" -a) send out signal to other neurons -b) neurotransmitters |
| sensory neurons? | body->spinal cord->brain |
| interneurons | neurons of spinal cord/brain that process and pass "Repsonce" signal to motor |
| motor neurons | carry repsonce message to muscle to contract |
| Action potential/ Impulse Transmission | high tech terms for how a neuron detects stimuli and passes signals, 3 kinds polarization, depolarization and repolarization |
| Polarization | "restion potential" 1. neuron is not transmition a signal 2. Membrane more permeable to K+ through channel Proteins, theres more K+ outside than there is inside. |
| depolarization | "sending the signal" 1. opening of gated Na+ channels -> positive charges rush into the neuron 2. opening of gated channels countinues down the length of the axon |
| repolarization | "re-establishing the resting potential" 1. K+ gating channels open 2. Na+/K+ pump operates 3. ready to conduct the next impulse |
| Neuron Communication (synapse transmission) | 1. definition- passing between neurons or between a neuron and muscle -b) done by neurotransmitters |
| neurotranssmitters? wtf? | 1. definition: small molecules realsed by terminal axon ->ammino acids 2. types: -a) excitatory- stimulate activity -b) inhibitory- surpress activity |
| excitatory neurotransmitters | 1. acetylcoline - mottor neurons 2. dopamine -neurons of central nervous system they cause impulse firing |
| inhibatory neurotransmitters | GABA it stops impulses from firing |
| Neurotransmitter mechanism of action | 1. action potential reaches terminal axon 2. Ca+ moves into termnial axon 3. Ca+ allows vesicles with neurotransmitters to fuse with presynaptic membrane 4. neurotransmitters released into synapse (exocytosis) 5. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post synaptic membrane 6. second neuron stimulated 6. neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse through enzymes breaking them down or transport proteins |
| Nervous system antonomy | A. Central Nervous System 1. brain - cerebrum cerebellum brain stem medulla oblongata 2. spinal cord B. Peripheral Nevous System 1. cranial nerves 2. spinal nerves and 3. all other nerves. |
| cerebrum? | (cerebral hemisphere) 1. controls intelligence, memory, and language 2. right and left hemispheres 3. cerebral cortex (4 lobes) |
| cerebellum? | 1. controls balence, posture, coordination 2. in back of head |
| brain stem | links brain to spinal cord |
| medulla oblongata | regulates involentary actions (breathing, heart reate) -> autonomic system |
| spinal cord | internal is grey, external is white |
| PNS nerves, how many? | cranial nerves 12 pairs in head and neck, spinal nerves have 31 pairs which go through the rest of the body and then there are all the other nerves that run through out the extremities of the body |
| the 4 divisions of PNS | Somatic, autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| somatic PNS | voluntary control (skeletal muscle) |
| autonomic PNS | involentary control (heart/diaphram) |
| Sympathetic PNS | involentary control durring stress "fight or flight" increase BP HR and ATP production |
| parasympathetic PNS | involentary control during rest, drecrease in BP HR and ATP produciont |
| Pain relief drugs | 1. analgesics drugs that do not cause unconsciousness 2. Kinds: 1. site specific (local) inhibits pain receptors example: advil 2. narcotics (systemic) works directly on the CNS, example vicoden percocet |
| Cardiovascular drugs | 1. blood pressure (angiotensin) 2. irregular heart beat 3. cholesterol (lipitor) |
| antibiotic drugs | kill bactiria |
| cancer treatment | chemotherapy |
| asthama and allergies drugs | 1. steroids/inhalers 2. antihistamines (clariten/allegra) |
| genetic disorder drugs | enzyme replacement therapy |
| Uppers | increase of action in CNS, increase in action of neurotransmitters, increased BP, HR and breathing, increase wakefulness, Types: cocain (dopamine activity) amphetamines (increase neurotransmitters) caffeine, nictotine (increases adrenaline release) and hallucinogens - acid |
| Downers | drecreases: CNS activity, neurotransmittion, BP HR and breathing, and pain. Increases calmness, Types: Alcohol (impares Na+/Ca+ activity in neurons) marijuanna, heroine, special K, viocden, percocet, valum and bariuatees (sleeping pills) |
