| A | B |
|---|
| 4 major types of joints | Bony (synotosis), fibrous, Cartiloginous, synovial |
| Bony joints | 2 separate bones fuse to become one |
| Fibrous joints | connect one bone to another with collagenous fibers |
| Cartilogious joints | bones held together by cartilage |
| Synovial joints | two bones in capsule that contains synovial fluid |
| types of fibrous joints | suture; gomphosis, syndemosis |
| example of suture (fibrous joint) | frontal and parietal bones |
| example of gomphosis (fibrous joint) | teeth and mandible |
| example of syndemosis (fibrous joint) | inerosseous membrane between tibia and fibula or ulna and radius |
| 2 types cartilaginous joints | synchodrosis and symphysis |
| synchrodosis joint | composed of hyaline cartilage |
| symphysis joint | composed of fibrocartilage; example pubic synthesis and bodies of vertebrae and vertebral discs |
| Serrate sutures | wavy line like jigsaw puzzle |
| Examples of serrate sutures | coronal, sagital and lamboidal joints |
| lap (squamous) | 2 bones hav e overlapping beveled edges |
| example of lap (squamous) suture | where temporal bone meets sphenoid and temporal bones |
| Plane (butt) sutures | 2 bones have straight non-overlapping edges |
| Example of plane (butt) suture | intermaxillary suture in the roof of the mouth |
| 6 types of synovial joints | Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket |
| example of plane joint (synovial joint) | allow movement between 2 flat surfaces; intertarsal or intercarpal joints |
| example of hinge joint (synovial joint) | allows for angular movement (elbow, knees, phalanges of fingers |
| example of pivot joints (synovial joint) | allow for rotational movement between 2 bones; atlas and axis of neck |
| example of condylar joints (Synovial joint) | allow significant movement in 2 planes; convex surface paired with concave; junction between radius and scaphoid and metacarpals and phalnages |
| example of saddle joints (synovial joint) | 2 concave surfaces articulate with each other; between tranpezium and 1st metacarpal of thumb |
| examples of Ball and socket joints (synovial joint) | consist of spherical head in a round concavity; shoulder and hip joints |
| flexion | a movment that DECREASES the joint angle |
| Extension | movement that STRAIGHTENS a joint and returns it to zero position |
| hyperextension | extension of joint BEYOND ZERO POSITION |
| Abduction | body part moves AWAY from the midline of body |
| Adduction | body parts moves TOWARD the midline of the body |
| elevation | RAISES body part VERTICALLY in FRONTAL plane |
| depression | LOWERS a body part VERTICALLY in FRONTAL plane |
| Protraction | ANTERIOR movement of body part in TRANSVERSE (horizontal) plane |
| Retraction | POSTERIOR movement of body part in transverse plane |
| Dosiflexion | elevates toes |
| Plantarflexion | movement of foot so toes point downward (pressing a gas peddle) |
| Functions of muscles | Movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control |
| 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal | multi-nucleated, voluntary, striated, example biceps, triceps |
| Cardiac | bronze, single nucleated, involuntary; example heart |
| smooth | fusiform shaped, single nucleated, involuntary; example lining of stomach |
| excitability | responds to chemical signals, stretch and chemical signals across the plasma membrane |
| conductivity | local electrical charnge triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber |
| contractility | shortens when stimulated |
| extensibility | capable of being stretched |
| elasticity | recoil; returns to its rest length after being stretched |
| muscle fibers are made of | fascicles |
| myofilaments | proteins that help us contract our muscles; most important in the muscle cell |
| 3 types of myofilamenst | thin, thick and elastic |
| thick myofilament | made up of protein called myosin |
| thin myofilament | made up of a protein called actin and tropomyosin |
| contractile proteins, myosin and actin | do the work of contraction |
| tropomyosin and troponin are | regulatory proteins; act like a switch can/cannot contract |
| contractions are activated by | release of calcium into the sarcoplasm and its binding to troponin |
| elastic filaments | made of springy protein called titin |
| Nervous system is divided into the | central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| CNS consists of | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS consists of the | nerves and ganglion |
| sympathetic | fight or flight; increase heart rate, increase respiratory; decreases digestive and urinary tract blood flow |
| parasympathetic | rest and recover; opposite of sympathetic |
| sensory (afferent) neuron found in PNS | signal from sensory receptor to CNS |
| Motor (efferent) neuron | cns sends signals to effectors such as muscles and glands |
| interneurons (associations neurons) | confined to the CNS; processes information, makes a decision and sends signal back |
| dendrites | branch from cell body; receive signals from other cellsand direct them to the cell body |
| soma | another name for the cell body |
| Scwan cell from PNS and a oligodendrocyte from the CNS | build the myelin sheath |
| diameter of axon and myelin sheath | increases signal speed transmission |
| signal is received by dendrites then | move to trigger zone where action potential is created then signal moves down neuron |
| myelin sheath | insulates the axon |
| 2 major classification of cells in nervous system | neurons and neuroglia |
| 2 types of neroglia cells found in the PNS | satellite cells and schwann cells |
| 4 types of the neuroglia cells found in the CNS | astrocyte, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal cells |
| astrocyts known as the blood brain barrier | moniotrs what goes into the brain |
| microglia | ability to find foreign pathogens and phagocytize them |
| ependymal cell | line ventricles, filter blood plasma to help make the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) |
| satellite cells | help cover the neursoma of the PNS |
