| A | B |
|---|
| Chemical structure | the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together |
| Covalent bond | bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms |
| Ionic bond | bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Polar molecule | a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed creating a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other; for example a water molecule |
| Hydrogen bond | the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge |
| Molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| Compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| Biomolecule | any molecule that is produced by a living organism; examples are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Monomer | small unit that can join together with other small units to form a polymer |
| Polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| Polymerization | a process of bonding monomers together in a chemical reaction to form polymers (typically through dehydration synthesis) |
| Synthesis | a combination of two or more things in order to make something new |
| Dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction that bonds molecules together by losing a water molecule; monomers are linked together to become polymers |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks molecules apart by adding a water molecule; polymers are broken down into monomers |
| Carbohydrate | biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
| Carbohydrate | utilized as a primary energy source for living things; used for structure in plant cell walls - cellulose |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule; monomer of a carbohydrate; for example glucose |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides chemically bonded together |
| Polysaccharide | polymer formed from chemically bonding together many monosaccharides; for example starch |
| Lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms (very very few oxygen atoms) |
| Lipid | used to store energy and provide insulation; important parts of biological membranes such as the cell membrane; common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes |
| Fatty acid | important component of a lipid molecule |
| Glycerol | the backbone of many lipid molecules |
| Phospholipid | a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers |
| Protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN |
| Protein | a source of nitrogen; control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes; used to form bones, muscle, hair, skin, etc.; transport things in and out of cells; help fight disease; NOT a primary source of energy (common misconception) |
| Amino acid | monomer of proteins (polypeptides) |
| Peptide bond | covalent bond joining amino acids in a protein (polypeptide) |
| Nucleic acid | macromolecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and PHOSPHORUS (P) |
| Nucleic acid | function to store and transmit heredity, or genetic information; ex. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids; 3 parts are: 1) Nitrogen base 2) Sugar compound 3) Phosphate group |
