| A | B |
|---|
| What are the two types of digestion? | Mechanical and chemical |
| Peristalsis | Wave-like motion that occurs when swallowing |
| Mechanical digestion | Occurs when food is chewed and swallowed |
| Chemical digestion | Changing the various food substances, with the aid of digestive enzymes, into solutions and simple compounds |
| Carbohydrates change into | Simple sugars |
| Fats change into | fatty acids |
| Proteins change into | Amino acids |
| The length of the alimentary canal is? | 9 meters |
| What is the first portion of the alimentary canal? | The mouth |
| What is mastication? | The process where the mouth mechanically reduces the size of solid particles and mixes them with salivia |
| What produces salivia? | Salivary glands |
| What is the epiglottis? | Cartilaginous flap that closes the opening to the larynx when food is being swallowed down the pharynx |
| How long is the esophagus? | 25 cm (10 inches) |
| What is the esophagus? | It is a passageway between the pharynx and the stomach |
| How does the stomach aid in digestion? | It is an initial storehouse that helps in the chemical breakdown of food substances |
| Which abdominal quadrant does the stomach lie in? | The left upper quadrant |
| What are the regions that the stomach divides into? | Cardiac, fundic, body and pyloric regions |
| What prevents the stomach's contents from escaping in either direction while food substances are being mixed by peristaltic muscular contractions of the stomach wall? | The sphincter |
| Which sphinter lies at the esophageal end? | The cardiac sphincter |
| Which sphincter is at the duodenal end? | The pyloric sphincter |
| What chemicals breakdown the food in the stomach? | Digestive juices (enzymes) by small (gastric) glands in the stomach |
| Which enzymes do the gastric glands produce? | Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen |
| What does hydrochloric acid do? | It activates pepsin from pepsinogen, kills bacteria that enters the stomach, inhibits the digestive action of amylase, and helps regulate the opening and closing of the pyloric sphincter |
| What is pepsin? | A protein-splitting enzyme capable of beginning the digestion of nearly all types of dietary protein |
| Where does most of the food absorption take place at? | In the small intestine |
| What lines the abdominal cavity? | A serous membrane called the peritoneum |
| What does the peritoneum do? | Covers the intetines and the organs and by secreting a serous fluid, prevents friction between adjacent organs |
| What does the mesentery do? | It extends from the cavity walls to the organs of the abdominal cavity, suspending them in position and carrying blood vessels to the organs |
| How long is the small intestine? | 7 meters (23 feet long) |
| What are the three parts of the small intestines? | The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| Where do the small intestines receive the digestive juices from? | Three accessory organs of digestion: the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder |
| How long is the duodenum? | Approximately 25 cm (10 inches) |
| Where is the duodenum located at? | It forms a C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas, posterior to the liver |
| What types of enzymes do the duodenum's glands secrete? | Carbohydrase, peptidase, and lipase |
| How long is the jejunum? | 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) long |
| What part of the small intestine does the jejunum lie? | Middle part of the intestine |
| Which of the three parts of the small intestine the longest? | The ileum |
| How long is the ileum? | 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) long |
| What part of the small intestine does most of the food absorption occur? | The ileum is where most of the food absorption occurs in |
| How long does it take for the first portion of the food to pass through the small intestine to the beginning of the large intestine? | After ingestion it takes 20 minutes to 2 hours |
| How does the large intestine differ from the small intestine? | It is larger in diameter, but it is shorter in length |
| How long is the large intestine? | 1.5 meters (5 feet) long |
| What are the three parts of the large intestine? | Cecum, colon, and rectum |
| Where does unabsorbed food or waste material pass through? | Cecum into the ascending colon, across the transverse colon, and down the descending colon through the sigmoid colon to the rectum |
| How many hours after the meal will the waste material pass through the colon? | Twelve hours |
| How many hours after the food is ingested will it reach the rectum? | Twenty-four hours |
| What is a long narrow tube with a blind end, is a pouchlike structure of the cecum, has no known fuction and occasionally becomes infected? | The appendix and when infected is known as appendicitis |
| How long is the rectum? | 12.5 cm (5 inches) long and follows the contour of the sacrum and coccyx |
| How long is the anal canal? | (2.5 to 4 cm) |
| What is the anus? | External opening at the lower end of the digestive system |
| What keeps the anus closed? | A strong muscular ring, anal sphincter |
| What is part of the accessory organs of digestion? | Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder |
| Where are salivary glands located? | In the mouth |
| What are the two types of salivary glands? | Secretory cells, serous cells and mucous cells |
| What do the serous cells do? | Produce a water fluid that contains a digestive juice called amylase |
| What does amylase do? | Splits starch and glycerol into complex sugars |
| What do mucous cells do? | Secrete a thick, sticky liquid called mucus |
| What does mucus do? | Binds food particles together and acts to lubricate during swallowing |
| When working together what can serous and mucous produce? | Salivia is produced and approximately 1 liter is secreted daily |
| Where is the pancreas located? | It is large, and elongated gland lying posteriorly to the stomach |
| What is the function of the pancreas? | It serves both the endocrine system and digestive system. In the digestive portion it produces digestive juices (amylase, proteinase, and lipase) |
| What is the largest gland in the body? | The liver |
| Where is the liver located? | In the upper abdomen on the right side, just under the diaphragm and superior to the duodenum and pylorus |
| What are the functions of the liver? | Metabolizes carbohydrate, fats and proteins preparatory to their use or excretion. It forms and excretes bile salts and pigment from bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cell destruction. It stores blood: glycogen: vitamins A, D, and B12: and iron. It Detoxifies the end products of protein digestion and drugs. It produces antibodies and essential elements of the blood-clotting mechanism |
| What is the gallbladder? | A pear-shaped sac, usually stained dark green by the bile it contains |
| Where is the gallbladder located? | In the hollow underside of the liver |
| What is the duct of the gallbladder, and what is it joined with to combine? | The cystic duct, joins the hepatic duct from the liver to form the common bile duct, which enters the duodenum |
| What does the gallbladder receive? | Bile from the liver and then concentrates and stores it |
| When does the gallbladder secrete bile? | When the small intestine is stimulated by the entrance of fats |
