| A | B |
|---|
| * The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment is called _____. | ecology p.850 |
| ** Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between ______ and ______. | organisms, their environment p.850 |
| *The intensity of sunlight that hits the Earth in any given place or season is determined by the ____. | angle that the sunlight strikes the surface of the Earth (Sunlight strikes the Earth most directly at the equator and the angle becomes lower as you move away from the equator. Winter is caused by the fact that due to the Earth's tilt, the angle that the sun strikes the parts of Earth experiencing winter is much lower than when it strikes the same places in summer. A 90 degree angle would be straight overhead. Many people falsely believe that the seasons are caused by the elliptical orbit of Earth around the sun. In the northern hemisphere, the Earth is actually closer to the sun in the winter) p.852,  |
| **Why do parts of the world around 30 degrees north and south latitude tend to have arid (dry) climates? | Air rises at the equator due to solar heating. As the air rises, it cools and releases a lot of moisture at the equator, but the now drier air starts travelling away from the equator. Around 30 degrees, either north or south of the equator, this dry air sinks back toward land. Sinking air warms as it comes under more and more pressure the closer it gets to the ground. Warm air can hold (the opposite of release) more water, so it rarely rains in these regions. p.852,  |
| **The windward side of a mountain range is usually ______ than the leeward side which is usually ____ due to the _____ effect | moister, drier, rainshadow effect p.852,  |
| ** During summer and winter, many lakes in temperate regions are ______ with little mixing of warmer layers with the cooler layers. In spring and fall, these lakes experience a phenomenon called ____ in which nutrient-rich water from the bottom rises to the surface and oxygen-rich water from the surface sinks to the bottom and mixing of all layers occurs. | thermally stratified, turnover (This concept is not longer in your book, but I still want you to know it because it helps you to understand why lakes can become anoxic and why cold oceans are nutrient rich),  |
| * The upper part of an aquatic biome, where enough light penetrates for photosynthesis to occur, is called the ____. | photic zone p.859,  |
| * The lower layer of an aquatic ecosystem, which doesn't receive enough light to support photosynthesis, is called the _____ . | aphotic zone p.859, |
* The bottom substrate of all aquatic ecosystems is called the ____ zone and the organisms that live there are called the ____.,  | benthic zone, benthos p.859, |
| ** The zone of open water that includes both the photic and aphotic zone is called the _____ zone. | pelagic p.859, |
** The pond in the picture below is classified as being ______ because of its murky (turbid) nutrient ____ water that supports a lot of life (especially algae).,  | eutrophic, nutrient-rich p.860, |
** The lake in the picture below is classified as being ____ because of its clear nutrient ____ waters that support little photosynthetic life.,  | oligotrophic, nutrient-poor p.860, |
| ** The part of a lake that is shallow enough to support rooted aquatic plants is called the _____ zone. | littoral zone p.859, |
| ** The part of a lake that is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants is called the _____ zone. | limnetic p.859, |
** The layer of a lake that shows a rapid temperature change, as in the areas between the red lines in the graph and image below, is called a(n) _____.,  | thermocline (the thermocline separates the warm surface waters from the colder, denser, deep waters.) p.859,  |
| ** A(n) ______ is a transition area between river and sea. | estuary p.859,  |
| * A(n) ______ is found where fresh and saltwater mix. | estuary p. 859, |
* The picture below shows a tide pool in the _____ zone.,  | intertidal zone p.860, |
| ** The organisms in an intertidal zone, like the ones shown below, must be adapted to be able to survive wide ranges of _____ and _____., | water temperature and salinity (saltiness) p.860 *This is not something stated directly in this chapter, it is something you should be aware of., |
| ** The largest biome in the world is the ____. | oceanic pelagic biome (the open-ocean covers nearly 70% of the Earth) p.861, |
* Which biome is shown in the picture below?,  | coral reef p.861, |
| * Coral reefs are found in ______ _______ waters., | warm clear p.861 (They have to be because the single-celled algae that live in the tissues of reef-building corals are a necessary symbiont for the coral animals and these algae wouldn't be able to survive in deeper waters due to lack of sunlight. Also, warm tropical waters are much clearer than colder waters for reasons you will learn about), |
| * _____ largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes. | Climate p.853 |
| ** ___________ lakes are generally oxygen poor. | Eutrophic (They are oxygen poor because even though they support a lot of photosynthetic algae, that algae dies on a regular basis, sinks to the bottom and is decomposed by bacteria which use a lot of oxygen) p.860, |
** The graph below is called a(n) ______.,  | climograph p.855, |
| * According to the climograph, which factor is most important in determining whether an area will be a broadleaf forest versus a coniferous forest?, | Average annual temperature (You find the dominant trees changing from broadleaf deciduous to conifers as you go north or up in elevation) p.855, |
| * According to the climograph, which factor is most important in determining whether an area will be a grassland versus a forest?, | precipitation (Less precipitation causes a shift to grasslands. Even less precipitation would cause a grassland to turn into a desert) p. 1151, |
| ** The area that marks a transition from one type of biome into another is called a(n) _____. | ecotone p.856 |
| ** What are the two main types of tropical forests and what is the main difference between them? | Tropical rain forest and tropical dry forests. The main difference is that in tropical dry forests, you have a dry season and a rainy season. Tropical rain forests are rainy pretty much year around. p.856 |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Tropical forest (The map shows the distribution of tropical forests. The picture is a tropical rainforest in Borneo) p.856, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Chaparral p.857, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Northern coniferous forest p.858, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Desert p.857, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Savanna p.856, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Temperate broadleaf forest (a.k.a. Temperate Deciduous Forests) p.858, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | Temperate grasslands p.857, |
* Which biome is pictured below?,  | tundra p.858, |
| ** Another name for the northern coniferous forest is the ______. | Taiga (This term refers to the part of the biome that borders the tundra but still has conifers, though they are usually a bit on the stunted side due to the cold and wind) p.858, |
| * Which terrestrial biome has the greatest biodiversity? | Tropical forests (biodiversity relates to the number of different species that can be found in an area) p.856, |
| ** Which biome is very warm with a dry season that can last eight or nine months? | savanna p.856, |
| ** Which biome is usually found close to the coast and has mild rainy winters and long dry summers? | chaparral p.857, |
| * Which biome is characterized by short drought resistant trees and shrubs? | chaparral p.857, |
| * Which biome is characterized by cold dry winters and hot humid summers? | temperate grasslands p.857, |
| * Deciduous trees are trees that ______. | drop their leaves in the fall p.858, |
| ** _________ trees are trees that drop their leaves in the fall. | Deciduous p.858, |
| * You can find the tundra biome much further south than normal if you ______. | go up in elevation enough (up taller mountains) p.858 |
| * Which biome is characterized by a layer of permafrost just below the surface soils? | Tundra p.858, |
| ** The tundra is characterized by a permanently frozen layer of soil just below the surface called _____. | permafrost p.858, |
| ** The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome is called the _____. | canopy p.856,  |
| * A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees. | temperate broadleaf forest p.858, |
| ** Very deep benthic zones (bottom of the ocean areas) are also called the _____ zone. | abyssal zone p.861, |
| * Which biome is characterized by sparsely scattered individual trees and large herds of herbivores, large carnivores, and occasional fires and droughts? | savanna p.856, |
| ** A highly productive lake, having a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling. | eutrophic lake p.860, |
| ** A warm-water, tropical ecosystem dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by the resident cnidarians. | Coral reef (The cnidarians they are talking about are hard corals like the brain coral pictured below. Notice the white patch of calcium carbonate skeleton that is exposed where the coral polyps have died) p. 861,  |
| ** The shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf. | neritic zone (this diagram is not longer in your book, but I still want you to know it), |
| ** A dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment associated with volcanic activity. The food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes. | Deep-sea hydrothermal vents. p.861 (chemoautotrophic bacteria that can use the simple chemicals coming out of the volcanic vents make up the bottom of the food chain in this ecosystem and is one of the few ecosystems that doesn't require light from the sun) p. 1162,  |
| ** The region of water lying over deep areas beyond the continental shelf. | oceanic zone p.861, |
| ** A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth. At the northernmost limits, it is called ____, and at high altitudes, it is called ____. | arctic tundra, alpine tundra (no longer in your book, but I want you to know it) |
| ** A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long hot dry summers. | chaparral p.857, |
| ** The community of organisms living on the bottom of an aquatic biome. | benthos p. 859, |
| ** The mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake. | turnover (no longer in your book, but I still want you to know it), |
| ** In a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters farther from shore. | limnetic zone p.859, |
| ** ______ is the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area. | Climate p.853 |
| * The _____ is the global ecosystem - the sum of all the planet's ecosystems and landscapes. | biosphere p. 851 |
| * A(n) ______ is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact. | ecosystem p. 851 |
| ** An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the _________ with which those organisms interact. | physical factors p. 851 |
| * An ecosystem is the __________ of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact. | community p.851 |
| * A(n) ____ is a group of populations of different species in an area. | community p. 851 |
| * A(n) ____ is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area. | population p.851 |
| ** What are the four most important abiotic factors in determining climate? | temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind p.853 |
| ** Patterns of climate on a very fine scale, that differ from the surrounding climate, such as specific climate conditions underneath a fallen log, or those next to a waterfall, are referred to as ________. | microclimate (no longer in the book, but I still want you to know it) |
| *The living factors in an environment are called ____ factors. | biotic pp.853&863 |
| *The non-living factors in an environment are called ____ factors. | abiotic pp.853&863 |
| ** Many of the world's deserts are found around _____ degrees north and south of the equator, where dry descending air masses occur. | 30 (This is due to the fact that air circulating in the atmosphere tends to descend at these latitudes. The air has already released most of its moisture near the equator. Air warms as it descends, making it even less likely that condensation will occur) p.852, |
| ** What type of biome is usually found 30 degrees north or south of the equator? | deserts (This is due to the fact that air circulating in the atmosphere tends to descend at these latitudes. The air has already released most of its moisture near the equator. Air warms as it descends, making it even less likely that condensation will occur) p.852, |
| * _______ are major life zones characterized by vegetation type (in terrestrial ones) or physical environments (in aquatic ones). | Biomes p.854 |
| ** Terrestrial biomes are characterized by the predominant type of ______ found there. | vegetation p.854 |
| *______ biomes are aquatic biomes with salt concentrations somewhere around 3% while _____ biomes have salt concentrations near or below 0.1%. | Marine, freshwater p.859 |
| * Oceans cover about ____ of the planet's surface. | 75% p.859 |
| ** The headwaters of a river are found furthest ______. | upstream (include the smaller fast flowing streams up in the mountains that join into larger and larger streams and rivers flowing toward the mouth of the watershed near the ocean) p.860 |
| ** The mouth of a river is located farthest ____. | downstream (where the river meets the ocean) p.860 |
| * Any organism that is not strong enough to swim against the current (and therefore basically floats and drifts) is referred to as ______. If they are photosynthetic, they are called _____. If they are heterotrophs, they are referred to as ____. | plankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton pp. 860, 861, 862, 885&886 |
| ** The largest terrestrial biome on Earth is the ____. | Northern Coniferous Forest p.858, |
| ** The movement of individuals away from their area of origin is known as ______. | dispersal p.862 |
| **The root word "a-" means ___. | without (example - "asexual" means "without sex") |
| ** The root word "geo-" means ___. | The Earth (example - Geology is the study of the Earth) |
| ** The root word "inter-" means ___. | between (example - the intertidal zone is the zone of beach that lies between high tide and low tide) |
| ** The root word "limn-" means ___. | lake (example - Limnology is the study of lakes. The limnetic zone the well-lit, open surface waters of a lake farther from shore) |
| ** The root word "eu-" means ___. | good, well (example - Eutrophic refers to an aquatic system with good amounts of nutrients or food. "Troph" refers to food) |
| ** The root word "oligo-" means ___. | small, scant (example - An oligotrophic lake has little nutrients and food. "Troph" refers to food.) |
| ** The root word "micro-" means ___. | small (example: A microclimate is a climate that happens in a small area) |
| ** The root word "thermo-" means ___. | heat (example - a thermocline is a depth of a lake where the temperature changes rapidly. The root word "-cline" means slope. The graph of a thermocline shows a steep slope in temperature change in the depth where the thermocline occurs) |
| * The different seasons are caused by ______. | Earth's tilted axis (Sunlight strikes the Earth most directly at the equator and the angle becomes lower as you move away from the equator. Winter is caused by the fact that due to the Earth's tilt, the angle that the sun strikes the parts of Earth experiencing winter is much lower than when it strikes the same places in summer. A 90 degree angle would be straight overhead. Many people falsely believe that the seasons are caused by the elliptical orbit of Earth around the sun. In the northern hemisphere, the Earth is actually closer to the sun in the winter) p. 853,  |
| **The lee side of a mountain range is usually ______ than the windward side which is usually ____ due to the _____ effect | drier, wetter, rainshadow effect p.854 p.852, |
| ** Unlike terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are characterized by their _____ and _____ environments. | physical, chemical p.859 |
| ** Marine biomes are aquatic biomes with salt concentrations somewhere around ___ % while freshwater biomes have salt concentrations near or below ___ %. | 3, 0.1 |
| * The movement of organisms into a given area from another area is called ____. | immigration p.864 |
| * When organisms leave a certain area, the movement is called ___. | emigration p.865 |
| * For a population to grow, the ____ must be bigger than the ____ | birthrate must be larger than the deathrate (assuming no immigration or emigration) p.867 |
| * The number of individuals per unit area or volume is a population’s ____. | density p.864 |
| * Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow _____. | exponentially p.868 |
| **The graph of exponential population growth is describes as a(n) _____-shaped curve. | J-shaped curve p. 868 |
| ** The graph of logistical population growth is described as a(n) _____-shaped curve. | S-shaped curve pp. 869 & 870 |
* Which type of population growth does this graph show?,  | Exponential growth (Can only happens under ideal conditions with unlimited space, food and no predators) p.868, |
* Which type of population growth does this graph show?,  | Logistic growth p.869, |
| * At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate accelerating?, | Point A (The graph line should be more curved in an upward direction. It looks a little too linear, but I had a hard time drawing it that way) p.869, |
| * At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate the highest?, | The population growth "rate" is the highest at point B. (You can determine the growth rate by finding the slope of the line tangent to the curve. Remember, slope = rise divided by run. In this case, the rise is the current population. The run is time. Dividing population by time gives you the population growth "rate.") p.869, |
| * At which point in the graph below is the population growth rate starting to slow down?, | Point C p.869, |
| * At which point in the graph below is the population the highest?, | The population is the highest at point D (look along the y-axis) p.869, |
| * At which point on the graph below is the population growth rate the lowest?, | The population growth rate is lowest at point D (notice that the population, even though it is at its highest, has stopped growing) p.869, |
| * At which point in the graph below is the population at the carrying capacity?, | Point D (Remember, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support) p.869, |
| * _______ is the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time. | Demography p.866 |
| ** _____ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population. | Dispersion p.864 |
| ** Which two techniques for estimating population size are most commonly used by scientists? Under what circumstances would you use each one? | The sample plot method is used when the organisms are unlikely to move much (like trees). The mark-recapture method is used when individuals move about frequently (like fish). (From the masteringbiology.com activity called "Techniques for Estimating Population Density and Size ") |
| ** What is a possible source of error that must be taken into consideration when using the mark-recapture method for estimating population size? | A potential source of error for the mark-recapture method is the possibility that already marked individuals may be less likely to be trapped again if they become wary of the traps, or more likely to be recaptured again if they realize they can get free food and be released unharmed. (From the masteringbiology.com activity called "Techniques for Estimating Population Density and Size ") |
** Which type of dispersion pattern is shown below and which factors may account for this type of dispersion?,  | Clumped dispersion. Communal living explains clumped dispersion in wolf populations. Other types of organisms may be clumped in particular microhabitats, such as fungi. The mating habits of certain insects may explain a swarm that clumps large numbers of individuals together. p.865, |
** Which type of dispersion pattern is shown below and which factors may account for this type of dispersion?,  | Uniform dispersion. Organisms that exhibit territoriality, or plants that give off chemicals to inhibit growth of neighboring plants often times have uniform distribution. p.865, |
** Which type of dispersion pattern is shown below and which factors may account for this type of dispersion?,  | Random dispersion. Occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsion among individuals in the population or a uniform environment. In this case, the dandelions seeds were blown randomly across the field. p.866, |
| ** The study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size. | population dynamics p.873 |
| ** A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age. One way to graphically represent age-specific mortality. | survivorship curve p.866,  |
* Which survivorship curve would represent the human species? Which would represent a typical fish species?,  | Humans would be type I (due to their fairly high infant survival rate) Fish would be type III (because most lay many eggs and generally don't guard them or protect the juveniles, so most fish are eaten when they are small, if they even manage to make it out of their egg) p. 866, |
| ** Selection that favors life history traits that maximize reproduction in uncrowded environments are called ____ selection. | r-selection p.872 |
| ** Selection that favors life-history traits that allow for survival under crowded competitive conditions is known as ____ selection. | K-selection p.872 |
| * The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K. | carrying capacity p.869 |
| ** A group of populations that are linked due to high rates of emigration and immigration. | metapopulation p.874 |
| ** A dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches. | clumped dispersion p.865 |
| *Factors that affect either a birth-rate or death-rate as population in a given area increases are said to be _____. | density-dependent p.872 (Examples include competition, disease, and predation) |
| * A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity. | logistic population growth pp.869 & 870 |
| ** A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species. | territoriality p.873 |
| ** A(n) ______ is group of individuals of the same age that are studied for a long period of time. | cohort p.866 |
| ** A(n) ______ table is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population. | life table p.866 |
| *Factors that affect either a birth-rate or death-rate, but do not increase in affect as an area increases in population are said to be _____. | density-independent p.872 |
| * Disease is a density-_____ factor that limits population growth. | density-dependent p.872 |
| * Harsh winters would be considered as density-______ factors that limit population growth. | density-independent p.872 |
| ** The word root "co-" means ___. | co- = together (cohort: a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead) |
** Which of these two age structure diagrams shows the typical human age structure of a typical third-world country?,  | A (This is from a masteringbiology.com activity called "Analyzing Age-Structure Pyramids"), |
| ** Which of these two age structure diagrams shows the typical human age structure of a first world modernized country?, | B (This is from a masteringbiology.com activity called "Analyzing Age-Structure Pyramids"), |
| ** The age structure diagram on the left shows a ____ birth rate and a ____ death rate., | high birth rate and high death rate. (This is from a masteringbiology.com activity called "Analyzing Age-Structure Pyramids"), |
| ** The age structure diagram on the right shows a ____ birth rate and a ____ death rate., | low birth rate and low death rate. (This is from a masteringbiology.com activity called "Analyzing Age-Structure Pyramids"), |
| ** In human populations, ____ is a change from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates. | demographic transition (This is from a set of masteringbiology.com activities on human population growth) |
| ** In human populations, the first stage of demographic transition is characterized by ___. | low death rate and high birth rate (Before the transition starts, you have high birth rates and high death rates. Third world countries start the demographic transition when health care and sanitation improve, decreasing the death rate) ** This is from a set of masteringbiology.com activities on human population growth |
| ** In human populations, demographic transition begins changes in society that ___. | lower the death rate (This is from a set of masteringbiology.com activities on human population growth) |
| * What is "Big Idea #1"? | The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. p2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #2"? | Biological systems use energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. p. 2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #3"? | Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. p. 2 |
| * What is "Big Idea #4"? | Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions exhibit complex properties. p. 2 |
| ______ is the fundamental principle of biology and the core theme of the AP textbook. | Evolution p.2 |
| Biology is the study of _____. | life p.2 |
| * What are the five unifying themes in biology? | Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, Evolution. p. 3 |
| * _____ is an approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. | Reductionism p.3 |
| New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | Emergent properties p.3 and G9 |
| ________ is a branch of biology that investigates and models (usually mathematically) the complex interactions between components in a biological system.ns | Systems biology p.3 (For instance, modelling how earth's atmosphere interacts with Earth's biosphere and lithosphere, and how each effects the other, would be an example of a systems biology approach to studying the environment) |
| There is usually a close relationship between a biological structure (such as the beak of a bird) and its ______. | function p.3 |
| The basic unit of structure and function in biology is the _____. | cell p.3 |
| ______ cells are only found in two groups of organisms, bacteria and archaea, and these types of cells lack a _____ and other _______ organelles. | Prokaryotic, nucleus, membrane-bound p. 4 |
| _____ cells are the type of cells that are found in most living organisms on this planet and are characterized by having _______ organelles. | Eukaryotic, membrane-bound p. 4 |
| * What are the ten levels of biological organization, starting with the largest and ending with the smallest? | Biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules p.4&5 |
| The ______ consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists. | biosphere p.4 |
| A(n) ______ consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components with which they interact. | ecosystem p.4 |
| All of the living things that interact in a certain area make up a(n) ______. | community p.4 |
| A(n) ____ consists of all the members of a single species that live and interact in a certain area. | population p.4 |
| Individual living things are called _____. | organisms p.4 |
| A(n) ____ is a body part made up of multiple tissues and has a specific function within the body. | organ p.5 |
| A(n) ___ is a group of cells that work together , performing a specialized function. | tissue p.5 |
| A(n) ____ is a specific functional component found within a cell. | organelle p.5 |
| A(n) _____ is something that consists of two or more atoms bonded together with covalent bonds. | molecule p.5 |
| Eukaryotic cells are much ____ than prokaryotic cells. | larger p.5 |
| * Prokaryotic cells are much ____ than eukaryotic cells. | smaller p.5 |
| * Within cells, structures called _____ contain genetic material in the form of DNA. | chromosomes p.6 |
| Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of ____. | DNA p.6 |
| * How many molecules of DNA can be found within a chromosome? | One p.6 |
| The molecule of DNA in a chromosome can be divided into hundreds (or even thousands) of sections called ____, each of which encode the information necessary to build a specific molecule within the cell. | genes p.6 |
| * Most genes contain the instructions for making a type of molecule called a(n) ____. | protein p.6 |
| * The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its _____. | genome p.7 |
| * ____ is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species. | Genomics p.7 and G13 |
| * ____ is the study of sets of proteins and their properties within a cell. | Proteomics p.7 |
| * The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism is called a(n) ______. | proteome p.7 |
| * Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, usually entering as _____ and exiting as _____. | light, heat p.8 |
| A(n) _____ is an organism that uses energy, usually in the form of sunlight, to build food molecules that store energy for later use. | producer p.8 |
| A(n) _____ is an organism that obtains its energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains. | consumer p.8 |
| * In contrast to energy, which flows through an ecosystem in ____ direction, chemicals ____ within an ecosystem. | one, cycle p.8 |
| By burning fossil fuels, humans have increased the levels of _____ in the atmosphere, which is a molecule that traps heat and has lead to global warming. | carbon dioxide p.8 |
| ____ is a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time. | Evolution p.9 |
| * Evolution accounts for both the ____ and ____ of life. | unity, diversity p.9 |
| * TRUE or FALSE: All organisms on this planet share the same genetic code. | TRUE (The genetic code is the code that is used to translate the order of nucleotides within DNA into the sequence of amino acids needed to make a particular protein. DNA from a human can be inserted into any organism on this planet, and that organism will make the same proteins that would be made by the human. You will learn more about this when we study genetic engineering later in the year.) p. 11 |
| The mechanism that Darwin proposed to explain what causes evolution is ______. | natural selection p.12 |
| Scientists use a process of inquiry that includes making observations, then forming logical explanations for their observations called ________ that they then test. | hypotheses p.13 |
| Biology, like other sciences, begins with ______. | making observations p.13 |
| Recorded observations are called ____. | data p.14 |
| * Data that is recorded as descriptions of what was observed is called ____ data. | qualitative p.14 |
| * Data that is recorded as a numerical measurement is called ____ data. | quantitative p.14 |
| * The practice of making generalized conclusions from a large set of specific observations is called _____ reasoning. | inductive p.14 (In deductive reasoning, you take a broad generalization and make specific predictions based on it. In inductive reasoning, you do the opposite. You take a number of specific smaller observations and make a larger generalized conclusion based on them) |
| * The testable predictions that can be made based on a particular hypothesis would be an example of _____ reasoning. | deductive p.14 (In deductive reasoning, you take a broad generalization and make specific predictions based on it. In inductive reasoning, you do the opposite. You take a number of specific smaller observations and make a larger generalized conclusion based on them) |
| To be considered a "controlled" experiment, only ___ variable is tested at a time | one p.16 (That one variable is considered to be the independent variable. It is the only thing that is different between the experimental and control groups.) |
| The variable that is tested by scientists in an experiment is called the _____ variable. | independent p.16 |
| The variables that are measured in an experiment are called _____ variables. | dependent p.16 (They are called dependent variables because they are dependent on how the scientist manipulates the variable being tested, which is called the independent variable) |
| Unlike a hypothesis, a scientific ______ has already been well-tested and has a large body of observations supporting it. | theory p.17 |
| * What are the building blocks of all matter? | atoms p.24 |
| * The nucleus of an atom is made up of ____ and ____ | protons and neutrons p.24 |
| * Electrons have a ___ charge | negative p.24 |
| * Protons have a ___ charge | positive p.24 |
| * Neutrons have a ___ charge | neutral (no) charge p.24 |
| * Which type of sub-particle forms a "cloud" of rapidly moving particles around the nucleus of an atom? | electrons p.24 |
| * Positive charges are attracted to ____ charges | negative p.24 |
| * Positive charges are repelled by ____ charges. | positive p.24 |
| * Negative charges are repelled by ____ charges | negative p.24 |
| * An electron would be attracted to which type of sub-atomic particle? | proton p.24 |
| * The center region of an atom is called a(n) ____. | atomic nucleus p.24 |
| * Each element is different because they have a different number of ____. | protons p.24 |
| * All of the elements are listed in the ____. | periodic table p.26 |
| * The ____ is equal to the number of protons in an atom. | atomic number p.24 |
| * The number of protons + the number of neutrons is equal to the ____ | mass number p.24 |
| * The mass number is equal to the | number of protons and neutrons p.24 |
| * The atomic number is equal to the number of ____ in an atom | protons p.24 |
| * If an element has a mass # of 23 and an atomic # of 11, how many protons will it have? Neutrons? | 11 protons and 12 neutrons p.24 |
| * Two or more different elements bond together to form ____. | compounds p.23 |
| * A compound held together by covalent bonds is called a(n) ___. | molecule p.28 |
| * Atoms or molecules that become charged because they gain or lose electrons are called ___. | ions p.29 |
| * A negatively charged ion would be ____ by another negatively charged ion. | repelled p.29 |
| * A positively charged ion would be ____ by another positively charged ion. | repelled p.29 |
| * A negatively charged ion would be ___ by a positively charged ion. | attracted p.29 |
| ** Matter is _____. | Anything that takes up space and has mass. p. 23 |
| * _____ is anything that takes up space and has mass. | Matter p. 23 |
| * A(n) ______ is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. | element p. 23 |
| * Two types of compounds are ____ and ____. | molecules and ionic compounds. pp.27-30 |
| * A compound in which atoms are joined together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ___. | ionic compound p.30 |
| ** Give an example of a molecule that is not a compound. | Any diatomic molecule, like O2, or H2, or N2, is a molecule because the two atoms are joined by covalent bonds, but is not a compound because they aren't made of two or move DIFFERENT elements. Diatomic molecules are called pure elements. p.28 |
| ** Which 4 elements make up 96% of living matter? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen p.23 |
| ** Elements that are only required by organisms in minute quantities are called _____. | trace elements p.23 |
| ** A deficiency of the trace element ____ in the diet can lead to an enlargement of the thyroid. This enlargement is called a(n) _____. | iodine, goiter (the enlarged part of the neck in the picture below is the goiter) p. 32,  |
| * A(n) ___ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. | atom p.24 |
| * The tiny bits of matter that make up an atom are called ___. | subatomic particles p.24 |
| ** Protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1 _____ (a.k.a. _____) | dalton, atomic mass unit (amu) p.24 |
| * Isotopes of a certain element have the same number of ____ but differ in the number of _____. | protons, neutrons p.25 |
| * Elements that differ from each other because of the number neutrons, but not protons, are called ____. | isotopes p.25 |
| ** Scientists use _____ to label certain chemical substances, creating tracers that can be used to follow a metabolic process or locate the substance within an organism. | radioactive isotopes p.25 |
| ** _____ is defined as the capacity to cause change. | Energy p.25 |
| ** ____ is the energy that matter possesses due to its location or structure. | Potential energy p.25 |
| ** Matter has a natural tendency to move to the ____ possible state of potential energy. | lowest p.25 |
| * Electrons gain potential energy when they move ____ from the nucleus. | away p.26 |
| * When an electron falls back toward the nucleus, energy is ___. | released (or lost) p.26 |
| ** Electrons are found in different _____, each with a certain average distance from the nucleus. Electrons that are further away from the nucleus are said to be in a higher _____ | electron shells, energy levels p.26 |
| ** Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, 20 to 25% of them are required for life. These elements are called ____ elements. | essential p.23 |
| * The first electron shell of an atom can hold no more than ___ electrons. | two pp.26&27 |
| * The second electron shell of an atom can hold no more than ___ electrons. | eight pp.26&27 |
| * The chemical behavior of an element depends mostly on ____. | the number of electrons in its outermost shell p.26 |
| * Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called ____. | valence electrons p.26 |
| ** The outermost shell of an atom is called the ___. | valence shell p.26 |
| * An atom with a full valence shell of electrons is chemically _____ (a.k.a. _____) | unreactive, inert p.26 |
| ** Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another is defined as _____. | heat p.34 |
| ** The two strongest types of chemical bonds are _____ and _______ bonds. | covalent, ionic bonds in dry compounds (ionic bonds in wet compounds are weak. Many such compounds dissolve in water because the water molecules break the ionic bond. For example NaCl added to water forms Na+ and Cl- ions after the ionic bond breaks) p.27 |
| * In _____ bonds, pairs of electrons are shared between two or more atoms. | covalent p.28 |
| * Single covalent bonds share ___ pair(s) of electrons. | one pair (two electrons total) p.28 |
| * Double covalent bonds share ___ pair(s) of electrons. | two pairs (4 electrons total) p. 28 |
| * Triple covalent bonds share ___ pair(s) of electrons. | three pairs (6 electrons total) p. 28 inferred |
| * Write the molecular formula for a molecule of oxygen. | p.28,  |
| ** Write the structural formula for a molecule of oxygen. | p.28,  |
| ** Draw the electron distribution diagram for a molecule of oxygen. | p.28,  |
| ** The number of covalent bonds that an atom can form is called its _______ or ________ and is usually equal to the number of electrons needed to _________. | bonding capacity or valence, usually equal to the number of electrons needed to fill the atom's outermost (valence) shell. p. 28 |
| ** The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its ___. | electronegativity p.29 |
| ** The more ____ an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself. | electronegative p.29 |
| ** The _____ electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself. | more p.29 |
| ** Bonds in which the electrons between two atoms are shared about equally (because both atoms have similar electronegativities) are called _____. | nonpolar covalent bonds p.29 |
| ** Bonds in which the electrons between two atoms are not SHARED equally (because one atom has a significantly higher electronegativity) are called _____. | polar covalent bond p.29 |
| * Bonds in which electrons aren't shared at all (because one atom has a MUCH higher electronegativity than the other) are called ______. | ionic bonds p.29 |
| * A charged atom, (or molecule) is called a(n) ___. | ion p.29 |
| ** Positively charged ions are called ____. | cations p.29 |
| ** Negatively charged ions are called ____. | anions p.29 |
| * Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ____ or _____. | ionic compounds, salts p.29 |
| * The most important characteristic about a biological molecule is its ____. | shape p.31 |
* In the chemical reaction picture below, the molecules on the left side of arrow are called the ____ while the molecules on the right side of the arrow are called the ____.,  | reactants, products (notice how there are the same number of each type of atom on both sides of this balanced chemical reaction) p.32,  |
* The picture below shows the formation of a(n) _____ bond.,  | ionic p.29, |
| * A chemical reaction in which arrows are pointing both ways is said to be ____. | reversible (Theoretically, all reactions are potentially reversible, but many don't have a significant amount of reactants once the reaction reaches equilibrium, so the reaction is only shown with a one-way arrow) pp.32&33 |
| ** In a reversible reaction, when the forward and reverse reactions are happening at the same rate, _____ is achieved. | chemical equilibrium p.33 |
| ** True or false: When a reversible chemical reaction reaches equilibrium, the reactants and products are equal in concentration. | False. All it means is that the concentration of reactants and products has stabilized at some fixed ratio. For example, pure distilled water occasionally breaks down into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion. The hydroxide ions almost instantaneously react with the hydrogen ions to reform water. At any one moment, at equilibrium, there are 554 million times more water molecules than there are hydrogen or hydroxide ions in a solution of distilled water (at 25 Celsius) p.33 |
| ** Hydrogen bonds usually form between hydrogen atoms involved in a polar covalent bond and _____ or _____ atoms in another molecule. | oxygen, nitrogen p.30 |
| * A weak attraction between hydrogen in one molecule and either an oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule is called a(n) _____. | hydrogen bond p.30 |
| ** A very weak bond that can form between a non-polar region of a molecule and another non-polarmolecule (as long as the molecules are very close together) is called a(n) ____. | London Dispersion Force (Your book calls London Dispersion forces Van der Waals forces, but Van der Waals forces are actually any type of intermolecular force, including hydrogen bonds. London Dispersion forces can also form between single atoms like the noble gases if you drop the temperature low enough) p.30 |
| ** London Dispersion Forces are very weak attractions between two molecules and involve _____ regions. | non-polar (Your book incorrectly calls London Dispersion forces van der Waals forces. London Dispersion forces are the weakest type of Van der Waals force, involving instantaneous induced dipoles between two non-polar substances) p.30 |
| ** The type of bond that allows certain geckos to walk up walls is called a(n) _____ | London Dispersion Force (Your book incorrectly calls London Dispersion forces van der Waals forces) p.30 |
** ______ bonds allow the endorphin receptors to temporarily bond to morphine or your bodies own natural endorphins because the shapes of the molecules are ____.,  | weak, complementary p.31, |
| * The root word "an-" means ___. | not (anion: a negatively charged ion) |
| ** The root word "co-" means ___. | co- = together; -valent = strength (covalent bond: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons) |
| ** The root word "iso-" means ___. | iso- = equal (isotope: an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons) |
| ** The root word "neutr-" means ___. | neutr- = neither (neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electrical charge) |
| * A liquid that has a uniform mixture of two or more substances is know as a(n) ___. | solution p.36 |
| * In a glass of salt water, the ___ would be the solvent. | water p.36 |
| * In a glass of salt water, the ___ would be the solute. | salt p.36 |
| ** In a solution of sugar and water, the sugar would be the ___. | solute p.36 |
| ** In a solution of sugar and water, the water would be the _____. | solvent p.36 |
| * Acidic solutions have a pH that is ____ seven. | below p.40 |
| * Basic solutions have a pH that is ___ seven. | above p.40 |
| ** Distilled water has a pH of ___. | seven (Distilled water is the purest water possible. It only contains water molecules and a very small but equal concentration, 1X10^-7M to be exact, of hydrogen and hydroxide ions) p.40 |
| * A liquid with a pH of 1 would be described as being ___ than a liquid with a pH of 5. | more acidic p.40 |
| * A liquid with a pH of 6 would be described as being ___ than a liquid with a pH of 2 | less acidic p.40 |
| * A liquid with a pH of 8 would be described as being ___ than a liquid with a pH of 14. | less basic p.40 |
| A liquid with a pH of 13 would be described as being ___ than a liquid with a pH of 7.8. | more basic p.40 |
| * As temperature ____, particles move faster and faster. | increases (Remember, temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance, and kinetic energy is directly related to the speed at which those particles move) p.34 |
| * As temperature ____ particles move slower and slower. | decreases (Remember, temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance, and kinetic energy is directly related to the speed at which those particles move) p.34 |
| * Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons of the polar covalent bonds in a water molecule spend more time closer to the _______ atom, giving it a partial _____ charge. | oxygen, negative p.29 |
| * The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule have a _____ _____ charge. | partial positive charge p.29 |
| * Molecules in which the overall charge is unequally distributed, leading to parts of the molecule having a partial positive charge while other parts have a partial negative charge (like water) are called ______. | polar molecules p.33 |
| ** The extraordinary qualities of water are _______ properties resulting from the ______ bonding that orders molecules into a higher level of structural organization. | emergent, hydrogen p.33 |
** Why is it unlikely that two neighboring water molecules would arrange themselves like the ones shown below?,  | The hydrogen ends of each water molecule both have a partial positive charge, and therefore would repel each other, making it unlikely that they would be arranged like the picture below shows. p.33, |
| * The fact that water molecules are attracted to each other is an example of ____. | cohesion p.33,  |
| ** The ability to pour water into a glass past the top of the glass, water forming drops that stick together, and waterbugs not falling through the surface of a pond can be explained by the phenomenon of _____. | cohesion p.33, |
| * The attraction of water molecules to the surfaces of some materials is called _____. | adhesion (Adhesion between water molecules and the glass in the graduated cylinder are responsible for the upward pull of water molecules along the sides, known as a meniscus. Specifically, the glass just above the water line is also attracting water molecules, so the water is pulled upward. This is also how capillary action works.) p.34,  |
| ** The meniscus observed in a graduated cylinder full of water is caused by the ____ of water to the molecules that make up the glass in the cylinder., | adhesion p.34, |
| ** What are the four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth's fitness for life? | 1) Cohesion 2) Ability to moderate temperature 3) expansion upon freezing 4) Waters ability as a solvent p.33 |
| ** The energy of motion is called ____. | kinetic energy p.34 |
| ** The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter is described as the ___ within that body of matter. | thermal energy p.34 |
| ** The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter is measured as _____. | temperature p.34 |
| * Pure water freezes at ___ Celsius and boils at ___ Celsius. | 0, 100 (This is no longer in this chapter, but I want you to know it) |
| ** A calorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of ____ g of water by ____ degree Celsius. | 1,1 p.34 |
| ** The "calories" on food packages are actually _____. | kilocalories (1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie) p.34 |
| ** A joule (J) is a measure of ____. | energy p.35 |
| * The ____ of a substance is defined as the amount of heat (energy) that must be absorbed or lost by a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. | specific heat (In the graph below, it shows that the specific heat is 1cal/C for the liquid phase of water. This is represented by the gentle upwardly sloping part of the graph between 0 and 100C) p.35,  |
| * Compared with most other substances, water has an unusually high ____ which explains why it can store a lot of energy and it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. | specific heat p.35 |
| ** Why doesn't it get really cold or really hot when you are out at sea? | The high specific heat of water allows it to absorb a lot of heat from the air without increasing its own temperature too much. When cold air blows over the ocean, the large amount of heat (not to be confused with temperature) can be transferred to the air. Since air has a much lower specific heat, it will warm up easily. In places like the Bering Sea of Alaska, the ocean water keeps the air from getting too much below 20 degrees Fahrenheit even in the middle of winter. In summer, it keeps the air from getting too much above 55 degrees F. p.35 |
| * The transformation from a liquid to a gas is called ____ or ____. | evaporation or vaporization (boiling is the temperature at which the average molecule has enough energy to overcome the attractions that hold molecules together as a liquid. Therefore, the molecules vaporize quite quickly once the boiling point has been reached) p.35 |
| ** The _____ is the amount of heat needed to convert 1 gram of a substance already at it's boiling point from a liquid to a gas. | heat of vaporization (Even though a liquid has reached it's boiling point, more energy is needed to break the intermolecular bonds between the molecules so they can separate. In the case of water with it's relatively strong hydrogen bonds giving water molecules strong cohesion, it takes a relatively high heat of vaporization to change liquid into gas. Likewise, when water condenses, a lot of heat is quickly released as those hydrogen bonds reform. That's why you don't want to keep your hand over a steaming pot of water long enough for the water vapor to condense on your skin.) p.35, |
| ** 1 calorie of energy must be absorbed by water at 99 Celsius to reach 100 Celsius. How many calories must water at 100 Celsius absorb to reach 101 Celsius? | If you answered 1 calorie, you are wrong. To reach 101 Celsius, water must first be converted from a liquid to a gas. This involves the breaking of hydrogen bonds that hold the water molecules together as a liquid. To break all the hydrogen bonds requires much more energy than it does to simply get the molecules in liquid water to move faster by an average of 1 degree Celsius. This energy requirement is called the heat of vaporization, which is quite high for water compared to most liquids. p.35, |
| * Water helps moderate Earth's temperature by _____ a lot of heat to become water vapor at the equator and then moving toward the poles to ____ that heat as it _____. | absorbing, release, condenses p.35 |
| * The _____ of water from humans and other organisms helps keep them cool. | evaporation (or vaporization) pp.35&36 |
| * Water reaches its greatest density at ___ degrees Celsius. | 4 degrees Celsius p.36,  |
| ** In a lake during winter, where all the water is close to freezing, where would you find the warmest water? | At the bottom, because water that is colder than 4 Celsius is less dense than water at 4 Celsius. All the water in a lake in winter will be less than 4 Celsius, so the coldest water, being the least dense, rises to the surface. p.36, |
| ** In a lake during summer, where would you find the warmest water? | Close to the surface. As long as water is more than 4 Celsius, it behaves like most substances, becoming less dense (and floating) as temperature increases. p.26, |
| ** If ice didn't float, lakes and oceans would ______. | eventually freeze solid (because ice would sink, exposing liquid water to cold winter temperatures instead of insulating it from the cold temperatures) p.36 |
| * A(n) ______ solution is a solution in which water is the solvent. | aqueous p.36 |
| ** The type of substances that dissolve best in water are ____. | ionic substances and polar covalent substances p.37 |
| * Any substance that is attracted to water is said to be ____. | hydrophilic (hydro = water, philic = loving) p.38 |
| * Any substance that is repelled by water is said to be ____. | hydrophobic (hydro = water, phobic = fearing) p.38 |
| ** 1 mole of a substance is equal to ____ particles of that substance. | 6.02 X 10 ^23 (6.02 times ten to the twenty third power) p.38 |
| ** How would you go about making a 2 molar solution of glucose? | Add 2 moles of glucose to about 1/2 a liter of water. Stir it until it is completely dissolved, then add more water until you have exactly 1 liter of solution. Molarity is defined as the number of moles per liter of solution. Therefore, you would need to figure out the mass of one mole of glucose (by adding up the atomic masses of 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms), multiplying that by two to get 2 moles, massing it out on a balance and dissolving it in water as described in the first sentence. p.38 |
** Which type of bond is represented by the dotted line? By the straight line inside the water molecule?,  | Dotted lines = hydrogen bonds, straight lines = covalent bonds p.33, |
** The picture below shows water dissociating into ___ and ___ ions.,  | hydronium and hydroxide ions p.38,  |
| * If the concentration of hydrogen (hydronium) ions in a solution is higher than the concentration of hydroxide ions, the solution will be ____. | acidic pp.38&39 |
* The substance shown below is a(n) ____ and an increase in its concentration will cause a(n) ___ in pH.,  | hydrogen ion, drop in pH (to become more acidic) pp.38&39, |
* The substance shown below is a(n) ____ and an increase in its concentration will cause a(n) ___ in pH.,  | hydronium ion, drop in pH (to become more acidic) pp.38&39, |
* The substance shown below is a(n) ____ and an increase in its concentration will cause a(n) ___ in pH.,  | hydroxide ion, increase in pH (to become more basic) pp.38&39 |
**,  | strong acids p.39,  |
**,  | strong bases p.39 |
**,  | weak acids p.39, |
**,  | weak bases p.39, |
| ** The pH scale is kind of like the richter scale (for earthquakes) in that a change of one (such as going from pH 4 to pH 3) represents a ___-fold change. | 10-fold change (for example, pH 3 is 10 times more acidic than pH 4) p.39 |
| * _____ are substances that minimize (or dampen) changes in pH. | Buffers p.40 |
| ** _____ work by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted. They usually contain a _____ and its corresponding ____. | Buffers, weak acid, base p.40 |
| * The drop in pH of the oceans caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolving into ocean water is referred to as _______. | ocean acidification p.40 |
| ** The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds, is called ____. | cohesion p.33,  |
| * A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution is called ___. | molarity p.38 |
** The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion is called a(n) ___.,  | hydration shell p.37, |
| ** The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, due to the loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state, is called ____. | evaporative cooling p.35 |
| ** A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called a(n) ___. | base p.39 |
| * A water molecule that has lost a proton is called a(n) ____. | hydroxide ion (remember, a proton is the same thing as a hydrogen ion because hydrogen normally has one proton, 1 electron and no neutrons, so when it becomes a positively charged ion by losing an electron, all that is left is a single proton) p.38 |
| * The attraction between DIFFERENT kinds of substances is called ____. | adhesion (Adhesion between water molecules and the glass in the graduated cylinder are responsible for the upward pull of water molecules along the sides, known as a meniscus. Specifically, the glass just above the water line is also attracting water molecules, so the water is pulled upward. This is also how capillary action works.) p.34, |
| ** A measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid is called ___. | surface tension (This is responsible for the ability of the water strider in the picture below to stay on the surface of the water) p.34,  |
| ** The pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 1 X 10^-7 (one times 10 to the negative seven) moles per liter is _____. | 7 (remember, pH is equal to the negative log of the hydronium ion concentration) p.39 |
| ** The pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 1 X 10^-3 (one times 10 to the negative three) moles per liter is _____. | 3 (remember, pH is equal to the negative log of the hydronium ion concentration) p.39 |
| ** The pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 1 X 10^-14 (one times 10 to the negative fourteen) moles per liter is _____. | 14 (remember, pH is equal to the negative log of the hydronium ion concentration) p.39 |
| ** The pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 1 mole per liter is ____. | Zero (1 mole per liter can also be expressed as 1 X 10^0, because 10 to the zero power = 1. When you express the hydonium ion concentration in scientific notation, as long as the it is 1 X 10^-n, the pH will be n) p.39 |
| * What is the average body temperature of humans in degrees Celsius? | 37 (This is no longer in this chapter, but I want you to know it) |
| ** Which type of weak acid acts as a buffer to keep the pH of your blood from changing too much? | carbonic acid (Look at the equations at the bottom of the picture below. In your blood, there is a mixture of carbonic acid it's two decomposition products, the hydrogen ion and the bicarbonate ion. If some new acid is added to blood, the new hydrogen ions will react with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid. That keeps the hydrogen ion concentration from going up too much and keeps the pH from dropping too much. If a base is added to blood, the extra hydroxide ions can either react with undissolved carbon dioxide to form the bicarbonate ion, or they can react with the hydrogen ions to form water. The removal of the hydrogen ions would cause more carbonic acid to decompose, increasing the hydrogen ion concentration to offset the effects of adding the base to the blood) p.40,  |
| ** Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the pH of ocean water to ___ as more carbon dioxide is dissolving into the water. This is making it harder for some ocean organisms like hard corals and animals with shells to build their skeletons and shells because carbonate ions dissolved in the water are reacting with the new hydrogen ions being introduced instead of with calcium that is used to make _______, the main ingredient in the shells and coral skeletons. | drop, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) p.40 |
| ** How do you calculate the molarity of a solution? | Divide the moles of solute by the volume of the entire solution measured in liters. p.38 |
| * What does the root word "kilo-" mean? | kilo- = a thousand (kilocalorie: a thousand calories) |
| * What does the root word "philic-" mean? | loving (Philia means loving. Hydro means water. Hydrophilic means water loving) |
| * What does the root word "phobic-" mean? | fearing (Phobia means fear. Hydro means water. Hydrophobic means water fearing) |
| * ____ can be thought of as a measure of how well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs or releases heat. | Specific heat (Water has a high specific heat because it can absorb a lot of thermal energy without increasing its temperature by a lot. Aluminum foil on the other hand has a very low specific heat. Notice that it only takes a few seconds to cool off after you pull it out of the oven) p.35 |
| ** Why is it becoming harder for marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells and skeletons to survive? | Ocean acidification, caused by increasing amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide that results in carbonic acid, makes it harder for organisms to form calcium carbonate) p.41 |
| * A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact is called a biological ________. | community p.877 |
| ** Interaction between different species is called a(n) ____. | interspecific interaction (interactions between members of the same species would be called intraspecific interactions) p.878 |
| ** What are the six possible types of interactions that different species can have with each other? | competition, predation, herbivory, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism p.878 |
| * A symbiotic relationship between two species in which one benefits at the expense of the other is called ____. | parasitism p.499 (Yes, for some reason, they didn't put this term "symbiosis" in this particular chapter, but it should be there since they discuss the three types of symbiosis) |
| * A symbiotic relationship between two species in which one benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed is called ____. | commensalism p.499 (Yes, for some reason, they didn't put this term in this particular chapter, but it should be there since they discuss the three types of symbiosis) |
| * A symbiotic relationship between two species in which both benefit is called ___. | mutualism p.499 (Yes, for some reason, they didn't put this term in this particular chapter, but it should be there since they discuss the three types of symbiosis) |
| * Mutualism, parasitism and commensalism are all types of ____ relationships. | symbiotic p.499 (Yes, for some reason, they didn't put this term in this particular chapter, but it should be there since they discuss the three types of symbiosis) |
| ** ______ occurs when different species compete for a particular resource that is in short supply. | interspecific competition (competition between members of the same species would be called intraspecific competition) p.878 |
| ** Strong interspecific competition can lead to the extinction of one of the two competing species in a process called ____. | competitive exclusion p.878 |
| * The specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that a species uses in its environment is called the species' _____. | ecological niche p.878 |
| ** "Habitat" is to "address" as "niche" is to ____. | profession (This analogy isn't in the textbook, but it is a good one since students often times get the concepts of habitat and niche mixed up) |
| * Two species cannot coexist in a community if their ____ are identical. | niches p.878 |
| ** What is the difference between a species "fundamental niche" and its "realized niche"? | The fundamental niche is the niche that a species could occupy if it wasn't in competition for any parts of that niche. The realized niche is the niche that it is limited to due to interspecific competition. (For example, using the profession analogy, Mr. McGee's fundamental niche could include professional football player if everyone else was slow, weak, and small) pp.878 & 879 |
** The diagram below shows the difference between brown barnacles' _____ niche (shown on the left) and its _____ niche (shown on the right),  | realized niche (left) vs. fundamental niche (right) p.879,  |
| ** The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community is called _____. | resource partitioning p.878 |
| ** Closely related species that share parts of the same geographic range are called _____ populations. | sympatric (think sym = same and patric = homeland; patriotic is to be proud of your homeland) p.879 |
| ** Closely related species that DO NOT share parts of the same geographic range are called _____ populations. | allopatric p.879 |
| ** The tendency for characteristics (such as beak size) to be more divergent (different) in sympatric populations (populations that occupy the same area) of two species than in allopatric (geographically separated) populations of the same two species is called _____. | character displacement p.879 |
| * _____ is an interspecific interaction in which one species kills and eats the other species. | Predation p.880 |
** The picture below demonstrates the concept of _____ which allows several different species (in this case, Anole lizards) to live in the same general area.,  | resource partitioning (notice how their niches differ primarily because of the different microhabitats that they occupy) pp. 878 & 879, |
| ** Another term for camouflage is ____. | cryptic coloration p.880,  |
| ** The tree frog in the picture below is demonstrating ______ coloration, | cryptic p. 1197, |
| * Another term for cryptic coloration is ____. | camouflage p.880, |
** Animals that are poisonous (like this frog) often display bright warning colors known as ______ coloration.,  | aposematic p.880, |
| ** In ______ , a tasty harmless organism evolves to look like an unpalatable (yucky), poisonous, or dangerous organism. | Batesian mimicry (like the hawkmouth larva that has evolved to look like a snake which gives it an evolutionary advantage for survival) p.880,  |
| ** _____ is a term to any type of +/- interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on individuals of the other species. | Exploitation (would include predation, herbivory, and parasitism) p.879 |
| ** What are the three types of exploitation? | predation, herbivory, and parasitism p.879 |
| ** What are the two main types of defensive adaptations that plants use against herbivores? | Thorns and chemical toxins p.881 |
| * The type of exploitative interaction in which an animal eats a plant or alga is called _____. | herbivory p.881 |
| * The organism from which a parasite derives its nourishment is called the ____. | host p.881 |
| ** Parasites that live inside the body of their host are called ____. | endoparasites (example - tapeworm) p.881 |
| ** Parasites that live on the surface of their host are called ____. | ectoparasites (example - a tick) p.881 |
| ** Parasitism in which the parasite (usually a wasp) lays eggs on or in the body of a living host so that the larva can feed upon and eventually kill the host is called ____. | parasitoidism (In the picture below, a cicada killer wasp is paralyzing a cicada with a sting. The wasp will then lay eggs inside the abdomen of the still living cicada. When the larva hatch, they will eat their way out of the cicada. And you thought you had it rough.) p.882 EXTRA CREDIT for the first person to email me with a self-summarized description of a different parasitoid example (That's not found in the textbook) and a link to the website from which you got the information.,  |
| * What is a pathogen? | A pathogen is anything that causes disease. p.893 |
| ** A disease-causing agent is called a(n) ____. | pathogen p.893 |
| ** The position an organism occupies in a food chain is called its _______ level. | trophic p. 885 |
| ** What are the two components of species diversity? | species richness and relative abundance p.884 |
* Which forest below demonstrates the greatest diversity?,  | Forest A (Although both forests have the same species richness, the relative abundance in forest A is more balanced, giving it an overall higher rate of diversity) p.884, |
| * Which forest below demonstrates the greatest species richness?, | They are both equal because both forests have 4 different species of plants p.884, |
| ** The structure of the feeding relationships between organisms in a community is called the ____ structure of the community. | trophic p.885 |
* The picture below represents a(n) ____.,  | food chain p.885, |
* The picture below represents a(n) ____.,  | food web p.885, |
| ** The first (or bottom) level of a food chain is made up of the ____. | primary producers p.885,  |
| ** The second level of a food chain is made up of the ____. | primary consumers p.885, |
| ** The primary consumers in a terrestrial ecosystem are called ____. | herbivores p.885, |
| ** The primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem are usually ____. | zooplankton p.885, |
| ** The primary producers in an aquatic ecosystem is mostly made up of ____. | phytoplankton (in shallow waters, there may also be some attached plants and algae. Plankton, by definition, are free-floating) p.885, |
| ** _____ species have strong effects on their community as a result of their large size or high abundance. | Foundation |
| * A(n) _____ species is a species that is not high in abundance but has a strong influence on community structure. Removal of this type of species from a community would greatly change the community structure. | keystone (Keystone species are usually low in abundance but play a pivotal ecological role in the community) p.886 |
| ** _____ species are species, generally introduced into a community by humans, that often times out-compete native species because they lack their own native predators and diseases in their new habitat. | Invasive species (This term is not in your textbook anymore for some reason, but it is commonly used and they do talk about introduced species on p. 884) |
** The graph below suggests that the seastar Pisaster ochraceous is a(n) _____ species in tidepool communities.,  | keystone species (The seastar Pisaster is a predator of a mussel called Mytilus californianus which is a dominant species. As long as the Mytilus mussel population is kept in check by the seastar, other species can live in the area. But left unchecked, the Mytilus mussel will outcompete most other species for space in the intertidal zone, lowering the biodiversity of the community as the graph shows) p.886, |
| * The total mass of a population is called the population's _____. | biomass (total dry mass = normal mass minus water mass) p.884 |
** Organisms that strongly influence community structure by physically altering the environment, such as the beaver below, are called _____ .,  | ecosystem engineers p.886, |
| ** The _____ model of community organization postulates a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels. In this model, if you want to change the structure of this type of community, you would start by changing something about the primary producers, the effect of which would ripple up through the food chain. | bottom-up model p.886 |
| ** The _____ model of community organization postulates a unidirectional influence from higher to lower trophic levels. In this model, if you want to change the structure of this type of community, you would start by changing the abundance of a top predator, the effect of which would ripple down through the food chain. | top-down model or trophic cascade model p.886 |
| ** A biologist was hired to slow down the eutrophication of a lake. Residents didn't want to change anything that they were doing, like fertilizing their lawns, so the biologist removed many of the fish from the lake. Sure enough, the single-celled algae that had been causing the greenish water started to disappear and the water became clearer. What tactic was the biologist using? | The tactic being used in this case is biomanipulation. (Zooplankton are the primary predators of phytoplankton, the single-celled algae that make the water look scummy. Fish eat zooplankton. By removing the fish, the zooplankton population increased which caused a decrease in the phytoplankton population. The fact that the biologist was successful by manipulating the top of the food chain indicates that the lake has a top-down model of community organization) p.887 |
| ** The ________ hypothesis (widely supported by studies) suggests that moderate levels of disturbances (such small scale fires) foster greater species diversity than low levels (which allows dominant species to become established, driving out other species) or high levels of disturbance (that can wipe out many species completely. | intermediate disturbance hypothesis p.888 |
| * The orderly and predictable appearance and replacement of species as a community grows back after a disturbance is called _______. | ecological succession p.889,  |
* The type of succession taking place in the picture below is _______.,  | primary succession (You are starting from scratch in this type of succession because you don't even have organic soil for life to colonize. Another example where primary succession would have to occur would be after a glacier retreats, leaving just rubble) p.889, |
* The type of succession taking place in the picture below is _______.,  | secondary succession (After a forest fire, there is still very rich organic soil and probably some trees and seeds that survived. Another example where secondary succession occurs is on abandoned farmland) p.889, |
| ** The first species to colonize an area after a major disturbance that leads to the process of primary succession are called _____ species. | pioneer p.890 |
| ** The species richness of a given area correlates positively with increasing ______ and decreasing ______. | increasing evapotranspiration and decreasing latitude (regions closest to the equator with plenty of available water have the highest species diversity in the world) p.891 |
| * The dry weight of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat. | biomass p.884 |
| ** Differences in the abundance of different species within a community. | relative abundance p.884 |
| ** The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants is called ____. | evapotranspiration p.891 |
| * A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact. | secondary succession p.889, |
| ** The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators. | aposematic coloration p.880 |
| ** The number of species in a biological community. | species richness p.883 |
| ** A model of community organization in which mineral nutrients control community organization because nutrients control plant numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers. | bottom-up model p.887 |
| ** The model of communities that emphasizes that they are not stable in time but are constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances. | nonequilibrium model p.888 |
| ** The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of the other coexising species. | Resource partitioning p.878 |
| ** In general, the larger the geographic area of a community, the greater the _____. | number of species (species richness) p.892 |
| ** The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population. | competitive exclusion p.878 |
| * The elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem. | food web p.885 |
| ** The number AND relative abundance of species in a biological community. | species diversity p.883 |
| * A type of ecological succession that occurs in a virtually lifeless area, where there were originally no organisms and where soil has not yet formed. | primary succession p.889 |
| ** A model of community organization in which predation controls community organization because predators control herbivores, which in turn control plants, which in turn control soil nutrient levels. | top-down model (or trophic cascade model) p.887 |
| ** A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche. | keystone species p.886 |
| ** A relationship in which two or more different species live in direct and intimate contact with each other is called _____. | symbiosis p.499 (Yes, for some reason, they didn't put this term "symbiosis" in this particular chapter, but it should be there since they discuss the three types of symbiosis) |
| ** _______ is an interaction between two species that has a positive effect on at least one of them, but is not classified as a type of symbiosis because the two species are NOT living in direct and intimate contact with one another. | Facilitation (An example is a plant called black rush which makes the soil more hospitable for other plants. In studies in which this species was removed, 50% fewer plant species could grow nearby) p.889 |
| * Which type of community is more likely to resist the establishment of an invasive species or other environmental stresses; one with a high species diversity or one with a low species diversity? | high p.884 |
| ** Another name for the top-down model, in which predation controls community organization, is the _____ model. | trophic cascade model p.887 |
| ** Another name for the trophic cascade model, in which predation controls community organization, is the _____ model. | top-down model p.887 |
| ** The practice of adding or removing one type of species to control the population of another species is called ______. | biomanipulation p.887 |
| ** According to the island equilibrium model, the species richness correlates strongly with the ______ and to a lesser extent, the ______. | size of the island, how close the island is to the mainland p.892 |
| ** What is a zoonotic pathogen? | A pathogen that has been transferred to humans from other animals (an example is avian flu) p.893 |
| ** The root word "ecto-" means ____. | outer |
| ** The root word "endo-" means ____. | inner |
| * The root word "inter-" means ____. | between (For example, interspecific competition is competition between species, while intraspecific competition is competition within a population of the same species. "Intra-" means within) |
| * The root word "intra-" means ____. | within (For example, intraspecific competition is competition between members of the same species, while interspecific competition is competition between different species. "Inter-" means between) |
| * What is the definition of an ecosystem? | An ecosystem consists of ALL the organisms in a given area PLUS all the abiotic factors with which they interact. p.896 |
| * _____ flows through ecosystems while _____ cycles within them. | Energy, matter p.897 |
| * What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (also known as the principle of conservation of energy) p. 897 |
| * In any energy transformation, some energy is always "lost" to the environment as ____. | heat p.897 |
| ** Energy flowing through ecosystems is ultimately _____. | dissipated into space as heat. p.897 |
| *The trophic level that ultimately supports all other trophic levels is the ____, also called the ____. | primary producers, a.k.a. autotrophs p.898 |
| ** What are the four different types of autotrophs? | Plants, algae (photosynthetic Protists), and photosynthetic prokaryotes (photosynthetic bacteria) all produce their own food through photosynthesis. A fourth type of producer, the chemosynthetic prokaryotes make their own food using energy from simple chemicals, usually near volcanic vents at the bottom of the ocean. p.898 |
| * All organisms from the second trophic level on are called ____, a.k.a. ____. | heterotrophs, consumers p.898 |
| * Organisms in the second trophic level are called ____ or ____. | primary consumers, herbivores p.898 |
| * Organisms that eat herbivores are found in the third trophic level and are called ____ or ____. | secondary consumers, carnivores (although you could find an omnivore at this level) p.898 |
| * Organisms that eat other carnivores and are found in the fourth trophic level would be called ____. | tertiary consumers p.898 |
| ** Another word for decomposer is ____. | detritivore p.898 |
| * Another word for detritivore is ____. | decomposer p.898 |
| ** Non-living organic matter is called ____. | detritus p.898 |
| * The two main types of decomposers are ____ and ____. | prokaryotes (bacteria) and fungi p.898 |
| * The amount of light energy converted into chemical energy during a given time period is an ecosystem's _____. | primary production p.899 |
| ** Total primary production in an ecosystem is known as the ecosystem's _____. | gross primary production (GPP) p.899 |
| ** What is net primary production (NPP) equal to? | Net primary production (NPP) = Gross primary production (GPP) - energy that is used by the producers for respiration (R) p.899 |
| ** What are two ways to measure net primary production? | Net primary production can be measured as energy per unit area per year, or as biomass of producers per unit area per year (since the mass of a plant minus the water is proportional to the amount of energy stored in the producer) p.899 |
| * A(n) ____ is something that must be added in order for primary production to increase in a certain area. | limiting nutrient (It is limiting because it is in short supply and therefor limits autotroph growth) p.900 |
| * What are the two nutrients that are most likely to be limiting nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem? | nitrogen and phosphorus p.900 |
| ** Besides nitrogen and phosphorus, what is a limiting nutrient often found (in too short of a supply) way out at sea? | Iron (because it is usually delivered to the ocean as windblown dust, so usually, the further out from land you are, the smaller the concentration) p.901 |
| ** Two main causes of eutrophication in freshwater ecosystems are ____ and ____. | sewage, fertilizer runoff from farms (Remember, eutrophication is the process of water becoming more nutrient-rich which leads to algal blooms) p.901, |
| ** _____ and _____ are the main abiotic factors controlling primary production in terrestrial ecosystems. | temperature, moisture (Tropical rainforests, with their high levels of humidity and high temperatures are the most productive of terrestrial ecosystems. The reason the term moisture is used instead of precipitation is because high rainfall in low humidity or windy areas may leave less available water to plants than lesser rainfall in high humidity areas with less wind, because the water will evaporate quickly out of the soil if the air is dry and it is windy) p. 901 |
| ** If a caterpillar feeds on a plant leaf that has 100 Joules of energy in it, and the caterpillar stores 20 Joules as new caterpillar biomass, burns 40 Joules for its own energy needs by respiration, and can't digest the other 40 Joules but instead passes it out as fecal matter, what is the net secondary production, the assimilation of primary production, and the production efficiency? | The assimilation is 60 Joules. Of that, 20 Joules was used for net secondary production (growth of the caterpillar). So the production efficiency is 20 J/60 J = 33% (You don't count the 40 Joules that wasn't assimilated but was instead passed out the anus) p.904 |
| ** _______ efficiency refers to the energy processing efficiency of a single organism while _____ efficiency refers to the efficiency of an entire level of the ecological pyramid. | Production efficiency, trophic efficiency p.904 |
| ** ______ efficiency is always less than an organism's production efficiency because it takes into account energy lost in _____ and energy from lower trophic levels that is not _____ | Trophic efficiency, feces, not consumed p.904 |
| ** ______ efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. | Trophic p.904 |
| ** Trophic efficiencies usually range from ____ to ____ percent. | 5 to 20% (which means that 80 to 95% of the energy in lower trophic levels is not passed up and stored as biomass in the next trophic level. Overall, the average trophic efficiency is 10%) p.904 |
** The image below depicts a(n) _____.,  | energy pyramid p.905, |
** The image below depicts a(n) _____.,  | biomass pyramid p.905, |
** According to the graph below, what is the limiting nutrient in the salt marsh from which these data were collected?,  | nitrogen (notice that there was no change when only phosphorus was added) p.902 (The graph is not found on p.902 but the concept of only the limiting nutrient affecting productivity when added is), |
* In this pyramid of net production, how much energy will be found at each level if the trophic efficiency is 10%?,  | p.905,  |
* What are the implications of this diagram?,  | More people in this world could be fed if we ate a vegetarian diet instead of feeding our vegetarian diet to cows (and chickens, pigs, etc.) and then eating their meat. p.906, |
| ** In marine ecosystems, there may be a(n) _____ biomass pyramid because phytoplankton reproduce quickly, but also get eaten quickly by zooplankton. | inverted (If you measured all the biomass of phytoplankton that grew over a year, the productivity would be much higher than the zooplankton. However, the "standing crop" of phytoplankton at any given time is small because they get eaten quickly, keeping their numbers low. Phytoplankton have what is called a "short turnover time.") pp.905 & 906 |
| * In the water cycle, water changes from the liquid to the gaseous form by ____. | evaporation p.908 |
| * In the water cycle, water changes from the gaseous to the liquid form by ____. | condensation p.908 |
| * Condensed water in the atmosphere that falls toward Earth is called ____. | precipitation p.908 |
| * Water evaporates from the surface of leaves in a process called ____. | transpiration p.908,  |
| * The element that forms the backbone of all organic molecules is ____. | carbon p.908 |
| * A crucial element needed to make amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids is ____. | nitrogen p.909 |
| * The atmosphere is approximately 80% _____ gas. | nitrogen p.909 |
| * In the nitrogen cycle, the conversion by bacteria of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by autotrophs to synthesize organic nitrogen compounds, is called ____. | nitrogen fixation p.909,  |
| ** In the nitrogen cycle, the conversion by bacteria of the ammonium ion into the nitrate ion is called ____., | nitrification p.909,  |
| ** Organic nitrogen (like that found in decomposing proteins) is converted by bacteria into the ammonium ion in a process called ____. | ammonification p.909, |
| ** Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can convert the nitrate ion into ____ during the process of denitrifcation., | N2 (gaseous nitrogen) p.909 |
| ** Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can convert the nitrate ion into N2 (gaseous nitrogen) during the process of _______., | denitrification p.909 |
| * The element that is crucial for the formation of nucleic acids, ATP and phospholipids is _____. | phosphorus p.909 |
** The ion below is called the ____ ion.,  | p.909, |
** The ion below is called the ____ ion.,  | p.909, |
** The ion below is called the ____ ion.,  | p.909,  |
** The ion below is called the ____ ion.,  | p.909,  |
| ** Of the major nutrient cycles, which have a significant gaseous component at some point of the cycle? | The carbon, nitrogen and water cycles (Phosphorus does not) pp. 907 - 909 |
| ** In tropical rainforest, most of the organic material is stored in the ____. | trunks of trees p.906 |
| ** In tropical rainforest,very little organic matter is found in ____. | the soil (because the warmer moister climate causes leaves to decompose so rapidly that soil doesn't have a chance to accumulate) p.906 |
| ** In temperate forests, most of the organic material is stored in ____. | the soil p.906 |
| ** Any of the various nutrient circuits, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. | Biogeochemical cycle p.907 |
| * The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period. | primary production p.899 |
| ** The fraction of food energy that is not used for respiration. | production efficiency p.904 |
| * A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of autotrophs such as algae and cyanobacteria. | eutrophication p.900,  |
| ** The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period. | secondary production p904 |
| * Which type of organism is crucial to the nitrogen cycle? | prokaryotes (different types of bacteria change nitrogen containing molecules from one form to the next in the nitrogen cycle) p.909 |
| ** An approach to restoration ecology that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem is called ____. | biological augmentation p.913 |
| ** The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems is called ____. | bioremediation p.911 |
| ** _______ ecologists seek to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems. | Restoration ecologists p.911 |
| ** What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Every exchange of energy increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. p.897 |
| * What is the law of conservation of mass? | Matter cannot be created or destroyed. p.897 |
| ** On average, net primary production is about ___% of gross primary production. | 50% p. 899 |
| ** Eutrophication can lead to the development of _____ which can lead to ______ and ______ when the decomposition of the algae uses up the available _____ in the water | algal blooms, fish-kills, dead zones, oxygen pp. 900 & 901 |
| ** _______ is the amount of new biomass (of primary producers) added to an ecosystem in a given amount of time. | Net primary production (NPP) p.899 |
| ** What's the difference between net ecosystem production (NEP) and net primary production (NPP)? | Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the total biomass accumulation of all organisms in an ecosystem, not just primary producers. p.900 |
| ** Globally, which element limits plant growth the most? | nitrogen p.902 |
| ** The root word "auto-" means ___. | "self" (Autotroph is a self-feeding organism. "Troph" means food or nourishment) |
| ** The root word "de-" means ___. | opposite, remove, reduce (denitrification: the process of converting nitrate back to nitrogen) |
| * The root word "hetero-" means ___. | other, different (heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products) |
| * What are the two nutrients that are most likely to be limiting nutrients in an terrestrial ecosystem? | nitrogen and phosphorus p.902 |
| ** An ecosystem that stores more carbon than it loses (Net ecosystem production NEP > 0) is said to be a carbon _____. | sink p.903 |
| ** An ecosystem that releases more carbon than it stores (Net ecosystem production NEP < 0) is said to be a carbon _____. | source p.903 |
| * Ecosystems that were once carbon sinks but are now carbon sources contribute to _____ change. | climate (This is disturbingly true of many areas of the tundra. As they have warmed up due to climate change, permafrost is melting which exposes the soil to more decomposition. This releases the carbon in the soil as CO2 which contributes to more warming and even more decomposition of the soil. In addition, methane gas trapped in the permafrost is being released and this is an even stronger greenhouse gas than CO2. This demonstrates a concept called "positive feedback loops" which we will learn more about in this course) p.903 |
| * Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only ____ % efficient. | 10% p.904 |
| ** ______ is the amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to new biomass during a given period. | secondary production p.904 |
| ** ______ is the amount of energy an organism has consumed and used for growth and reproduction. | Net secondary production (this is basically the amount of energy that wasn't actually used for energy, but instead stored in the body, or that of a developing offspring, and therefore used for growth. If food is burned for energy, it can't be used for growth since the products of the metabolism of food leave the body, mostly as CO2 and H20 from cellular respiration) p.904 |
| ** ____ consists of the total amount of energy an organism has consumed AND used for growth, reproduction, and respiration. | Assimilation (Basically, any food that an organism eats AND digests, is assimilate, and can be used to grow or burned for energy. The undigested food that comes out as feces is not assimilated) p.904 |
| * Food that an organism eats can be used for ___ or ____, but not both. | energy, growth (If food is burned to supply energy, it cannot be used to help the organism grow because the atoms in the food leave the body as waste products of cellular respiration, mostly CO2 and H20. Only food that is not burned gets stored and makes the organism bigger or fatter, a concept well-known to dieters) p.904 |
| * Organisms that need to burn energy in order to maintain their _____ have much lower production efficiencies than organisms that don't have to do this. | body temperature ("Warm-blooded" organisms have to eat a lot more food than "cold-blooded" organisms because they have to burn a lot of their food to heat their bodies. If the food is being burned, it can't be used for growth) p.904 |
| * Most food chains/webs include only about ___ or ___ trophic levels. | 4 or 5 (This is due to the fact that only about 10% of the energy in one trophic level gets passed up and stored in the next. Therefore, by the time you get to the 4th or 5th trophic levels, there is very little potential energy and matter that gets passed up to them) p.904 |
| * TRUE or FALSE: Temperate forests (like the ones around us) have thicker, more nutrient rich soils than tropical rain forests. | TRUE (Even though tropical rain forests are more productive, when leaves or trees die, they decompose very quickly and the nutrients are recycled back up into trees almost right away. Decomposition in temperate forests occurs more slowly due to the dryer colder climate, allowing soils to build up. Comparatively, tropical rain forests have thin nutrient-poor soils) p. 906) |
| * Which biological process adds substantial amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year? | cellular respiration p.908 |
| * Which biological process removes substantial amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year? | photosynthesis p.908 |
| ** The integrated study of ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and behavioral biology in an effort to sustain biological diversity at all levels. | conservation biology p.919 |
| * A(n) _______ is a species moved by humans, either intentionally or accidently, from its native location to a new geographic region. | introduced species (also called non-native, exotic, or invasive species) p.922 |
| ** The _____ is the smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive. | minimum viable population (MVP) p.925 |
| * Harvesting by humans of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of those populations to rebound is called ____. | overharvesting p.922 |
| ** An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain. | zoned reserves p.930 |
| * Human practices that use biological resources in a manner that doesn't degrade the environment in the long-run. | Sustainable development p.940 |
| ** A relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world) and a large number of endangered and threatened species. | biodiversity hot spot p.929 |
| ** A downward population spiral in which positive-feedback loops of inbreeding and genetic drift causes a small population to shrink and, unless reversed, become extinct. | Extinction vortex p.924 |
| ** A series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat (useable by organisms) that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat. | movement corridor (sometimes called a wildlife corridor) p.928 |
| * A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. | endangered species p.919 |
| * Species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future are called ______. | threatened species p. 919 |
| ** What are the three levels of biodiversity? | genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity p.919 |
| ** Our sense of connection and appreciation for nature is called _____. | biophilia p.920 |
| ** The brown tree snake in Guam and zebra mussels in the Great Lakes are examples of _____. | introduced species (a.k.a. non-native, exotic, or invasive species) p.922 |
| ** What are the four major threats to biodiversity? | habitat loss, introduced species, overharvesting, and global change p. 921 |
| * What is the greatest threat to biodiversity on this planet? | Human alteration of habitat p.921 |
| ** Purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, protection of shorelines from erosion, and provision of beauty and recreation are just a few examples of ____. | ecosystem services p.921 |
| ** Some organisms, such as the white-tailed deer, thrive in ____ communities because they have access to resources from two different types of habitats. | edge communities (deer thrive when they have access to open fields adjacent to forested areas) p.928 |
** The diagram below depicts the _____.,  | extinction vortex p.924, |
** The diagram below depicts the _____.,  | three levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem biodiversity) p.919, |
| ** About how many species have biologists formally named? About how many species do scientists believe exist (give the range)? | 1.8 million, 10 - 100 million p. 1238 |
| * What are three things usually missing from an introduced species' new habitat that give them advantages over native species whose niche they might be competing for? | predators, parasites, and pathogens (introduced species usually leave their natural predators, parasites, and pathogens behind when they are moved to a new place) p.922 (You can read about introduced species on this page but the answer to this question is no longer in this chapter, but I still want you to know it) |
| * _______ is a threat to biodiversity that includes alterations to climate, atmospheric chemistry, and broad ecological systems that reduce the capacity of Earth to sustain life. | Global change p.923 |
| * _____ is rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH less than 5.2. | Acid precipitation p.923 |
| ** Acid precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH less than ____. | 5.2 (Remember, 7 on the pH scale is neutral. Anything above 7 is basic while anything below 7 is acidic. The pH scale generally runs from 0 to 14, although very concentrated acids can have a pH below zero) p. 1244 |
| * The burning of fuels can release sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides that can form ____ when they combine with water in the atmosphere. | acids p.923 |
| ** What is the equation to calculate the effective population size? | Effective population size = (4 x the # of breeding males x the # of breeding females)/(the # of breeding males + the # of breeding females) p.925 |
| * Species that are only found in one area of the world are called ______ species. | endemic species p.929 |
| ** What are the three types of environmental change that threaten biodiversity? | nutrient enrichment, toxin accumulation, climate change p.931 |
| * Two main causes of eutrophication are ____ and ____. | sewage, fertilizer runoff from farms (Remember, eutrophication is the process of water becoming more nutrient-rich which leads to algal blooms) p.931, |
* The image below demonstrates the concept of _____.,  | biological magnification p.932, |
* What does the graph below suggest?,  | Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are strongly correlated with global warming p.933, |
| ** When the amount of nitrogen from fertilizer exceeds the critical load, it can ____. | leach into groundwater or run off into streams or lakes. p.931 |
| * Which insecticide underwent biological magnification in the food chain and nearly wiped out some bird species? | DDT p.932 |
| * _______ absorbs longer wave radiation from the Earth's surface, slowing the release of heat energy from Earth into space | Greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide gets most of the blame for global warming, but methane does an even better job of trapping heat, but hasn't increased as much and isn't as prevalent as carbon dioxide) p.935 see figure 43.26 |
| * The phenomenon caused by certain gasses in the atmosphere which allow shorter wavelength, higher energy radiation from the sun to pass through and warm the Earth's surface but absorb the longer wavelengths (like infrared) that radiate back toward space from Earth's surface, trapping heat which keeps the Earth's surface warm enough for life to exist. | greenhouse effect p.934 |
| * A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of autotrophs such as algae. | eutrophication p.931, |
| * The amount of added nutrient, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity. | critical load p.931 |
| * A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain. | biological magnification (a.k.a. biomagnification or bioaccumulation) p.932, |
| ** An area of the ocean, usually near the mouth of a major river, that is too low in oxygen to support life due to excess nutrient pollution from the river, which caused a bloom in phytoplankton that later died and were decomposed by bacteria that used up most of the oxygen in the water. | Dead zone (the picture below shows an aerial view of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico) p.931,  |
| * Which level of the food chain is most effected by biological magnification? | the top level p.932, |
| * Which toxic element bioaccumulates in the aquatic food chain and can reach levels that can interfere with the human nervous system if they eat too many top predator fish like tuna or swordfish? | mercury p.933 |
| * Which industrial pollutant bioaccumulates in the food chain and can act as an endocrine disruptor for animals and humans? | PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) p.933 |
| * What is the main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere? | The burning of fossil fuels p.933 |
| ** To date, scientists have described and formally named about ______ species of organisms. In addition to these named species, many others remain to be discovered: Estimates for the number of species that currently exist range from ___ to ___ . | 1.8 million, 5 million, 100 million p.918 |
| ** Small population sizes of an endangered species are less able to adapt to changing environments and new diseases because they lose _______ due to inbreeding and genetic drift. | genetic diversity p.924 |
| * A dead zone in an aquatic ecosystem is caused by a lack of _____ due to _____ using it up. | dissolved oxygen, bacteria p.931 |
| * Besides rising water temperatures, what other abiotic change is happening in the ocean due to climate change? | Ocean acidification (As more CO2 enters the atmosphere, more is absorbed by the oceans. CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid which decreases the pH. This makes it harder for organisms with calcium based shells and skeletons to create those skeletons) p.937 |
| * At the time of publication of this textbook, what was the world's human population size? | 7.4 billion p.938 (This is scary. When Mr. McGee was taking AP biology in high school, there were only 4 billion people on the planet) |
| * TRUE or FALSE: Most of the world's population growth is taking place in wealthy industrialized countries. | FALSE (Most of it happening in 3rd world countries and newly industrializing countries) p.939 |
