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| Magna Carta | Written legal agreement signed in 1215 that limited the English King's power, came as a result of angry nobles demanding a meeting with King John of England.... |
| habeas Corpus | legal concept that an accused person cannont be jailed indefinitely without being charged with a crime...idea expressed in the Magna Carta, now a part of common law |
| Crusades | Christian campaigns to retake the holy lands from Muslims; Christian armies fought to regain the territories |
| Middle Ages / Medieval | Time period between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance or beginning of early modern Europe |
| knights | In Feudalism, knights would be granted land from kings in return for their military service |
| page | In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a nobleman, a knight, a Governor. Until the age of about seven, sons of noble families would receive training in manners and basic literacy from their mothers or other female relatives. |
| fief | In Medieval feudalism a fief was a vassal's source of income, granted to him by his lord in exchange for his services. The fief usually consisted of land and the labor of peasants who were bound to cultivate it. The income the fief provided supported the vassal, who fought for his lord as a knight. |
| Nobles | In terms of the feudal system social hierarchy, the nobles or barons were the second wealthiest and the most powerful after the king in the chain. The nobles were awarded or leased land, called fiefs or fiefdoms, from the king whom they swore their loyalty to. |
| peasants | A peasant is a laborer or farmer with limited land ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, peasants were divided into three classes according to their personal status: slave, serf, and free tenant. |
| Feudalism | social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. |
| Serf | an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate. |
| longbow | a large bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow. It was the chief weapon of English armies from the 14th century until the introduction of firearms. Used by the English army during the Hundred Years War |
| Parliament | lawmaking body of England |
| secondary source | a record or document referring to past events but not produced at the time |
| Pastoral Nomad | member of a group whose economy revolves around its herd of domesticated animals, with which the group periodically moves to find new grazing land |
| city-states | a political unit consisting of an independent city and the lands surrounding it |
| village | a group of houses and associated buildings, larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town, situated in a rural area. |
| hieroglyphics | a character used in a system of pictorial writing, particularly that form used on ancient Egyptian monuments. |
| interregional trade | trade involving or linking two or more regions |
| Silk Road | trade routes across Asia, it carried goods and ideas eastward into China, |
| Jewish Diaspora | The spread of the Jewish people outside their homeland, beginning about 586 B.C.E. |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | The required acts of worship for Muslims |
| Pax Mongolica | The state of peace that existed in Eurasia under Mongol rule |
| Trans-Saharan trade route | The West Africans exchanged their local products like gold, ivory, salt and cloth, for North African goods such as horses, books, swords and chain mail. This trade (called the trans-Saharan trade because it crossed the Sahara desert) also included slaves. |
| Thomas Becket | was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170 by King Henry II's knights. The king had ordered his murder for refusing to give the monarchy power over the church. |
| bubonic plague / Black Death | deadly illness that was spread along trade routes that devastated populations of Southwest Asia and Europe |
| What was the Black Death's affect on Jews? | Jews were falsely blamed for causing the Plague |
| How did the Plague make life better for common people? | shortage of worker due to so many deaths, those that were left could demand more money |
| What impact did the Hundred Years War have on Feudalism | shifted power from feudal lords to monarchs and to common people |
| Where did the Black Death originate | Central Asia |
| About how many Europeans died from the Black Death? | about 24 million (about 1/3 of the population) |
| What was the main cause of the Hundred Years War | control of lands in France |
| Who was Joan of Arc | 17 yr old peasant girl who inspired French resistance, leading a French army to victory, she was made a saint by the Catholic Church |
| Where was the Shang Dynasty located | Along the Yellow River in China |
| What empire did Athenian city-states defeat? | Persian Empire |
| King Ashoka | unified the Mauryan empire through peace and religious tolerance |
| How did the Hundred Years War contribute to the decline of Feudalism? | Hiring soldiers made monarchs less dependent on vassals. |
| Where the bubonic plague Black Death supposedly originated? | China in Central Asia |
| What were the Crusades? | Fighting to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. |
| Most important result of the Hundred Years' War | It caused the development of national identities in England and France. |
| the central issue of the Hundred Years' War? | the throne of France |
| What events did the most to end the Middle Ages | Longbow, bubonic plague, Hundred Years' War |
| These invaders traveled primarily across the Mediterranean Sea | Muslims |
| the final destination of both Crusades | Jerusalem |
| King John was most known for ? | made powerful enemies by losing most of the lands the English had controlled in France. He also taxed his barons heavily and ignored their traditional rights, arresting opponents at will, in addition to quarreling with the Catholic Church |
| the king that created the Model Parliament | King Edward I |
| Year the Magna Carta was signed | 1215 |
| Which of these was a part of hunter-gatherer culture? a centrally managed economy or knowledge of how to make tools or the climate of a geographical area or hierarchical society led by priests | Knowledge of how to make tools |
| What were the earliest domesticate plants; grasses or nut trees or berries or root vegetables | grasses |
| Sumer's economy was managed by whom and how? | centrally managed by priest-kings and officials. |
| cities were different from villages how? | Cities had public structures and markets |
| Who developed hieroglyphics? | Egyptian priests |
| Why did the Indus Valley civilization a larger territory than the civilizations of Mesopotamia or Egypt? | The Indus River had a larger floodplain |
| How was the Roman Republic different from a direct democracy? | The people ruled through elected representatives |
| China’s main export at the time of the Han dynasty | silk |
| All of the following are characteristics of world religions EXCEPT: they set down basic ethical principles / they use sacred texts / they offer a message that appeals to diverse groups of people / they instruct people in how to reach heaven | they instruct people in how to reach heaven. |
| As a result of the Jewish Diaspora, Jews were forced to disperse where? | across the Middle East |
| An important trait that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share is belief in | a single God |
| According to the New Testament of the Christian Bible, three days after Jesus was crucified, he did what | rose from the dead |
| All of the following are part of the Five Pillars of Islam EXCEPT for: charity / marriage / daily prayer / fasting. | marriage |
| Shari'ah law guides all aspects of life, from clothing and food to education for what religious group? | Muslims |
| Muslims believe the Qur’an contains the complete message of God as revealed to whom? | Muhammad |
| karma, polytheism, and reincarnation are all aspects of the belief system of what religious group? | Hindu |
| How did Buddhists promote the study and spread of Buddhism? | opening monasteries |
| According to Confucius, which of the following was important for a harmonious society? A. filial or piety or enlightenment or the Four Noble Truths or egalitarianism | filial piety |
| Which of the following statements reflects how Confucianism affected the Chinese state? Chinese emperors banned the practice of Confucianism within their territory or Confucian classics became the basis of the state civil service exam or Confucius was appointed the chief counselor to the Chinese emperor or Rebels under the influence of Confucian ideas overthrew the government | Confucian classics became the basis of the state civil service exam |
| was a cause of the collapse of the Han Empire | power struggles among government factions |
| What physical barrier shielded India from foreign invasion from the north? | high mountain ranges |
| Spiritual and political leaders of the Muslims were called | caliphs. |
| particular advantage of the Muslim Empire in warfare was its use of | camels. |
| The man led the creation of the Mongol Empire. | Genghis Khan? |
| What was the Pax Mongolica? | a state of peace under Mongol rule |
| The main cause of the Mongol Empire’s collapse was | bubonic plague. |
| The Silk Road was significant between 300 to 1500 because | the world's largest trade network. |
| The trans-Saharan trade route was used primarily in the exchange of | salt for gold. |
