| A | B |
|---|
| Culture | the visible accumulation of microorganisms |
| bacteria are visible to the naked eye in liquid medium as | cloudiness |
| bacteria are visible to the naked eye on solid medium as | gel like globs |
| Lag phase | early flat period where bacteria appear not to be growing |
| Why does the lag phase exist on the bacterial growth curve | cells are metabolically active and increase only in cell size. They also prepare for cell division by synthesizing enzymes and factors needed for cell division |
| Why does the stationary phase exist in the bacterial growth curve | size of a population of bacteria remains constant, even though some cells continue to divide and others begin to die |
| Why does the death phase exist on the bacterial growth curve | the death of cells in the population exceeds the formation of new cells; cells can go into dormancy and do not grow, some cells enter starvation mode |
| environmental factors that influence microbial growth | temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, pH, and osmotic pressure |
| What happens to microbial growth if environmental factors are not ideal | growth is dependent on the organisms ability to adapt to the environment where the enzyme systems of the organism can continue to function |
| enriched medium | medium supplemented with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication of fastidious microorganisms |
| differential medium | single substrate that discriminates between groups of organisms on the basis of differences in their appearances due to different chemical reactions |
| Selective medium | favors the growth of one group of organisms and inhibits are prevents the growth of others |
| what is the role of enzymes in living organisms | increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or becoming consumed in the reaction |
| phototrophs | microbes that acquire energy from light |
| chemotrophs | microbes acquire energy from chemical compounds |
| heterotrophs | microbes acquire carbon in an organic form |
| autotrophs | microbes acquire carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| microbes can be categorized based upon how they acquire their _____ and ______ | energy and carbon |
| photoautotroph | obtain energy from light and carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide |
| chemoautotroph | obtain energy from chemical compounds and carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide |
| photoheterotroph | obtain energy from light and carbon from an organic form |
| chemoheterotroph | obtain energy from chemical compounds and carbon from organic forms |
| glycolysis | to convert glucose through several steps into pyruvic acid while synthesizing a small amount of energy (ATP) and NADH |
| fermentation | to produce a small amount of energy (ATP) through the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrate in the absence of oxygen while also producing NAD+ and utilizing organic compounds as final electron acceptors |
| aerobic respiration | to produce energy (ATP) in the cell by transferring electrons from fuel molecules such as glucose to OXYGEN as the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR |
| anaerobic respiration | to produce energy (ATP) in the cell by transferring electrons from fuel molecules sucha s glucose to OXYGEN CONTAINING IONS rather than free oxygen as the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS |
| anaerobe | microorganism that grows best in the ABSENCE OF OXYGEN |
| aerobe | microorganism that grows in the presence of FREE OXYGEN |
| Capnophile | grows best higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (3-10%) than are normally present in the atmosphere (0.033%) |
| microaerophile | an aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration LESS THAN in the atmosphere |
| faculatative anaerobe | an anaerobe that does not rquire oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absence |
