| A | B |
|---|
| what is the name of the site that serves as the place where replication will be initiated | origin of replication |
| why is the origin of replication site rich in AT pairs | less energy is required to seperate the two strands than would be required if the origin is rich in gaunine and cytosine; Adenine and thymine are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds where guanine and cytosine are held together by 4 hydrogen bonds |
| What is the name of the primary replication enzyme responsible for deciphering and duplicating DNA codes | DNA POLYMERASE III |
| What is the role of RNA primers and DNA replication | initiates DNA synthesis; inserted at the origin of replication to provide the first nucleotide with a free 3' - OH group for binding |
| DNA POLYMETASE III can only synthesize new DNA in which direction | 5' to 3' direction |
| What is the difference between the LAGGING strand and the LEADING strand | A lagging strand is the strand which is synthesized in the 3'-5' direction in short segments; the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction |
| Is it possible for DNA polymerase III to make a mistake | YES occasionally incorrect bases are added to the chain |
| Replicate the following DNA sequence TACCGTGCCTGAGAAATT | ATGGCACGGACTCTTTAA |
| define transcription | the process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template |
| what is a DNA triplet or codon | groups of 3 consecutive bases that specifies a particular amino acid |
| how is RNA differ from DNA | rna is single stranded DNA is double strnaded; RNA contains uracil in place of the DNA's thymine; RNA sugar ribose where DNA sugar is deoxyribose |
| What types of RNA can be made when DNA is transcribed | mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (Transfer RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| What type of RNA can be translated into protein | mRNA |
| what large enzyme complex is responsible for the process of transcription | RNA polymerase |
| what is the role of the promotor region in transcription | provides a position for initial binding of the RNA polymerase |
| what is the difference between the template strand and the nontemplate strand | template strand only serves as the template for transcription in 3' to 5' direction; whereas coding strand contains the exact same sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA except thymine instead of uracil |
| What happens at the termination sequence | the polymerase recognizes a site on DNA that signals separation and release of the completed mRNA |
| Transcribe the following DNA sequence TACCGTGCCTGAGAAATT | ATGGCACGGACTCTTTAA |
| Define translation | the process of decoding a messenger RNA code into a polypeptide; also called protein synthesis |
| how is protein different from RNA | protein is made up of many amino acids where RNA supplies the information for the sequence of the amino acids in synthesis of protein |
| what is the name of the bilobed RNA and protein complex that constitutes the protein assembly site in cells | ribosome (ribosomal RNA) |
| If the anticodon on the tRNA is UGA, what is the corresponding codon on the mRNA | ACU which specifies the amino acid threonine |
| translate the following RNA sequence AUGGCACGGACUCUUUAA | UACCGUGCCUGAGAAAUU |
| mutations | changes in the genetic code that can result in physical changes in an organism |
| mutations can be | spontaneous (random) or induced (from exposure to a physical or chemical agent that damages DNA) |
| Mutation range from large, where long sequences are gained or lost, to small ones that only affect a sing base which are called | point mutations |
| Plasmid | small, circular piece of of DNA that contains genes that are typically beneficial to the bacterium |
| Difference between plasmid and chromosomal fragment | plasmids are "free floating" and stably replicated and inherited, while chromosomal fragments must integrate themselves into the bacterial chromosome to be replicated and inheritied |
| conjugation | a form of recombination that requires the attachment of 2 cells and the formation of a bridge that can transport DNA |
| transformation | form of recombination in which transfer of DNA that requires no special vehicle |
| transduction | a form of recombination in which DNA transfer occurs through the action of bacterial viruses |
| transposon | can shift from one part of the genome to another called "jumping genes" ; shift from a chromosome site to another, from a chromosome to a plasmid and from a plasmid to a chromosome |
| Does gene transfer affect the spread of antibiotic resistance | Through gene transfer, antibiotic resistance may continue to slowly spread to different species |
| frameshift mutation | an addition or deletion of a letter causes the shift in the reading frame |
| substitution mutations | a different amino acid is incorporated into the protein or a mutation converts a codon to a stop codon prematurely terminating the protein synthesis |
| inversion mutations | adjacent letters exchange places altering 1 or 2 bases |
