| A | B |
|---|
| osteology | the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders |
| skeletal system | entire framework of bones and their cartilages |
| long bones | bones that have a greater length than width |
| short bones | bones that are cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width |
| irregular bones | bones that have complex shapes and cannot be grouped in any other category |
| diaphysis | the bone's body or shaft |
| epiphysis | the ends of a long bone |
| metaphyses | two regions in a ling bone where the diaphysis and the epiphyses meet |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses |
| periosteum | tough, white membrane that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage |
| flat bones | very thin bones found in the skull |
| remodeling | the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue |
| medullary cavity | the space within the diaphysis that ocntains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults |
| endosteum | lines the medullary cavity |
| bone tissue | an abundant matrix of intercellular materials that surround widely separated cells |
| osteogenic cells | bone producing cells |
| osteoblasts | the cells the form bone, but that have lost the ability to divide |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteoclasts | huge cells formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes |
| resorption | destruction of bone matrix |
| calcification | hardening of tissue (the matrix) by salt deposits |
| compact bone | bone tissue which contains few spaces |
| perforating canals | blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves penetrate compact bone through these |
| central canals | these exetnd vertically, lengthwise through the bone |
| centric lamellae | rings of hard, calcified matrix surrounding the central canals |
| lacunae | small spaces between lamellae |
| canaliculi | tiny channels projecting outward in all directions from the lacunae |
| spongy bone | does not contain true ostions |
| trabeculae | an irregular latticework of thin columns of bone. |
| ossification | the replacement of cartilage by bone |
| demineralization | loss of bone minerals |
| bone surface markings | various structural features adapted to specific functions |
| foramen | an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass |
| meatus | a tube-like channel extending within a bone |
| fossa | a shallow depression in or on a bone |
| condyle | a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint |
| head | a rounded projection that forms a joint and is supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone |
| facet | a smooth, flat articular surface |
| tuberosity | a large, rounded projection, usually with a rough surface |
| spinous process | a sharp, slender projection |
| trochanter | a large, blunt projection found only on the femur |
| axial skeleton | includes the bones of the skull, autitory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum and vertebrae |
| appendicular skeleton | contains the bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bone groups called girdles |
| skull | contains 22 bones, rests on top of the verebral column |
| cranial bones | form the cranial cavity that encloses and protects the brain. |
| facial bones | form the face |
| suture | an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones |
| fontanels | membrane filled spaced found between cranial bones at birth |
| osteoporosis | a condition of porous bones |
| herniated disc | when the ligaments of the intervertebral discs become injured or weakened, resulting in pressure rupturing the surrounding fibrocartilage |
| spina bifida | a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at the midline |
| scoliosis | a sideways bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region |
| bunion | a deformity of the great toe that typically is caused by wearing tightly fitting shoes |
| osteogenic sarcoma | bone cancer that primarily affects osteoblasts and occurs most often in the femur, tibia, and humerus of teenagers |
