| A | B |
|---|
| normal resident microbiota | microorganisms that engage in mutual or cemmensual associations with humans; live on outer surface, unable to penetrate sterile tissues |
| where normal resident microbiota is found | skin, mucous membrane, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, outer opening urethra, external genitalia, vagina, outer ear and outer eye |
| where normal resident microbiota is NOT found | all organs except gastrointestinal tract, fluid within organ or tissue (blood, urine, cerebral spinal fluid) muscle, bone, sinus, midle/inner ear, internal eye |
| types of things can cause normal resident microbiota to fluctuate over time | health, age, variation in diet, hygeine, hormones and drug therapy |
| types of benefits can normal resident microbiota provide | prevent overgroth of harmful microorganisms |
| true pathogens | capable of causing disease in a healthy person with normal immune defenses |
| opportunistic pathogens | can cause disease when the hosts defenses are compromised (immunocompromised) |
| virulence | the degree of pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) |
| virulence factor | any characterisitic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state |
| the more virulence factors a microbe has, the more tools it has to cause disease? T or F | True |
| Enzymes | Bacteria produce extracellular enzymes dissolves barriers and penetrate through between cells to invade underlying tissue |
| Toxins | toxins (primarily exotoxins) secreted by bacteria damage target cells, which die and begin to slough off |
| inhibition or destruction of phagocytes | bacteria have a property that enables them to escape phagocytosis and continue to grow and cause further infections |
| stages of establishment of disease | finding portal of entry, attaching firmly, surviving host defenses, causes damage and disease, exiting host |
| Portals of entry | skin, GI tract, respiriatory tract, urogenital tract, edogenous biota |
| attaching firmly | fimbrae, capsules, surface proteins, viral spikes, hooks |
| surviving hosts defenses | avoid phagocytosis, avoid death inside phagocytosis, evade actions of the immune system |
| causes of damage/disease | direct damage- toxins, enzymes, lysis; indirect damage- host responce is inappropriate and excessive |
| Incubation period | time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms |
| Prodromal stage | the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear as a vague feeling of discomfort, short period of 1-2 days |
| period of invasion | time during which the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in its target tissues and organs |
| Convalescent stage | recovery from infection when patient's strength and health gradually return and the immune response begins to clear the infectious agent and restore normal function to damaged tissues |
| Identify three causes of hospital-acquired infections | reusable instruments (ventilators/endoscopes; indwelling devices (catheters, prosthetic valves, tracheostomy tubes); antimicrobial resistance |
| Can all HAIs be avoided? | NO. SUrgical procedues or lowered defenses permit resident microbe to invade their bodies, hospitals attract and create compromised patients |
| What is a universal precaution | stringent guidelines for handling patients and body substances due to patients with undiagnosed infections; based on the potential that all patients/body substance can harbor infection and should be handled with same degree of care |
| What are three examples of UPs? | gowns, masks, gloves, eye shields, hand-washing |
| Define ubiquity | the state of being everywhere at the same time, omnipresent |
| Are microbes ubiquitous | yes because they live in the vast majority of the habitats on earth |
| How effective are opportunistic pathogens at causing disease in healthy people versus immunocompromised people | opportunisitc pathogens are more effective in ummunocompromised because they have lowered or no ability to defend themselves |
| Localized infection | microbe enters body and remains confined to a specific area |
| systemic infection | when the infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the blood stream |
| acute infection | infections that come on rapidly with severe but short lived effects |
| chronic infection | infections that progress and persist over a long period of time |
| sign | any objective evidence of disease noted by observer; fever, abnormal chest sounds, increased heart rate, swollen lymph nodes, rash |
| symptom | subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient; chills, pain, headache, itching, weakness, sore throat, etc |
