| A | B |
|---|
| Igneous rock | rocks formed from the cooling and crystallization of magma |
| Extrusive igneous rock | Fine-grained rocks formed from lava that has cooled quickly on the Earth's surface. |
| Intrusive igneous rock | Coarse-grained rock formed from magma that has cooled slowly beneath the Earth's surface. |
| Lava | magma that flows onto the Earth's surface. |
| Magma is made of | a mix of rocks, gases, and minerals. |
| Elements in magma | Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium |
| The most abundant element in magma | SiO2 - Silica |
| Factors that affect magma formation | 1) temperature 2) pressure 3) water content 4) mineral content |
| Geothermal gradient | temperature change in Earth's crust |
| As the depth of the Earth increases, temperature... | increases |
| As the depth of the Earth increases, pressure and melting point... | increases |
| As water content increases, melting point of the mineral... | decreases |
| Materials in the Earth's crust | Continental and oceanic |
| Most abundant elements in the continental crust | Silicon and Aluminum |
| Most abundant elements in the oceanic crust | Iron and Magnesium |
| Partial melting | Process in which different minerals melt into magma at different temperatures- because different minerals have different melting points, not all parts of a rock melt at the same time. If temperatures are not high enough to melt the entire rock, the resulting magma will have a different chemistry from that original rock. |
| Fractional crystallization | Process in which different minerals crystallize from cooling magma at different temperatures. |
| Bowen's Reaction Series | Describes the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma. As magma cools, crystals rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium form first, and those with siliicon and oxygen last. |
| Which melts at higher temperatures-oceanic crust or continental crust? | oceanic crust |
