| A | B |
|---|
| Define innate, natural defenses | present at birth, provide non-specific resistance to infection |
| Define adaptive immunities | specific and must be acquired |
| Why are innate, natural defenses non-specific? | anything that is identified as foreign or non-self is a target for the innate immune response |
| Why is adaptive immunity specific? | can learn and remember specific pathogens, it can provide long-lasting defense and protection against recurrent infections. |
| examples of non-specific host defenses | physical barriers (skin, tears, coughing), Chemical barriers ( digestive enzymes, low pH); phagocystosis, inflammation, fever |
| Passive immunity ____ memory of the original antigen | lacks |
| passive immunity _____ produce antibodies against the antigen | does not |
| passive immunity has an _______ onset of protection | immediate |
| passive immunity has _______ effectiveness | short-term |
| active immunity | individual recieves immune stimulus (microbe) that activates specific lymphocytes, activating the immune response (produces antibodies) |
| passive immunity | individual receives immune substances (antibiotics) that were actively produced by the immune system of another human or animal donar |
| Active immunity _______ memory of the original antigen that allows for quick action against it in the future | retains |
| Active immunity ____ produces antibodies against the antigen | does |
| Active immunity has a _____ onset of protection (several days) | delayed |
| Active immunity has a relatively _________ | long-term effectiveness, sometimes for life |
| natural immunity | acquired during any normal biological experiences of an individual but NOT THROUGH MEDICAL INBTERVENTION |
| artificial immunity | protection from infection obtained through MEDICAL INTERVENTION (immunizations) |
| examples of natural active immunity | recovery from disease a person is naturally resistant to the disease; measles, mumps, rubella |
| examples of natural passive immunity | occurs as a result of prenatal/postnatal mother/child relationship; antibodies to diseases crossing placenta to the infant |
| example of artificial active immunity | vaccination |
| example of artificial passive immunity | immunotherapy |
| each antibody contains | two antigen-binding sites and one cell-binding site |
| When the antibodies are produced, they interact with the antigen they were made against in the six ways | tagging, opsonization, nuetralization, agglutination, complement fixation and precipitation |
| tagging | bacterial cell wall is tagged with antibodies |
| opsonization | a process in which, microorganisms or other particles are coated with specific antibodies so they are recognized by the phagocytes, which dispose of them |
| nuetralization | antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site of a bacterial protein, which prevents them from attaching to their target cells |
| agglutination | cross links cells into clumps, rendering them immobile and enhances their phagocytosis |
| complement fixation | complement adheres to bacteria this is called complement fixation after this the cell is lysed (destroyed) |
| precipitation | similar to what occurs with agglutination however, it occurs with small free antigen molecules |
| define humoral immunity | protective molecules (mainly antibodies) carried in the fluids of the body |
| define cell-mediated immunity | immune response brought on by T-cells. an activated T-cell interacts directly with antigen bearing cells |
| memory cell | a long lived progeny of a sensitized lymphocyte that remains in circulation and is genetically programmed to act rapidly the next time it encounters an antigen lymphocyte |
| Why are memory cells important in lasting (long-term) immunity | they are long lived so they provide long-term (lasting) immunity if there is ever an exposure to the memorized antigen (example: chicken pox, measles, rubella) |
