| A | B |
|---|
| Brexit | scheduled withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union |
| Catalonia | autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain, self-designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy |
| Chernozem | a fertile black soil rich in humus, with a lighter lime-rich layer beneath |
| Communism | a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. |
| Dialect | a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group. |
| Ethnic Cleansing | the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society. |
| Ethnic Group | a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent. |
| Eurasia | comprising all of Europe and Asia |
| European Union | political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe |
| Fjord | a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, as in Norway and Iceland, typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley. |
| North Atlantic Drift | powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward |
| Permafrost | a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions. |
| Polder | a piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes, especially in the Netherlands. |
| Refugee | a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. |
| Urbanization | population shift from rural areas to urban areas |
| Welfare State | a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits |
