| A | B |
|---|
| Genetics | The study of heredity |
| Gregor Mendel | "Father of Genetics", studied pea plants and heredity |
| Trait | Inherited characteristics |
| gamete | sex cells formed by Meiosis |
| Fertilization | joining of male and female gametes |
| zygote | product of fertilization "early embryo" |
| P1 generation | parental generation |
| F1 generation | first generation of offsring |
| F2 generation | second generation of offspring |
| genes | found on DNA, code for proteins and determine traits |
| alleles | form of a gene; one comes from mother, one comes from father |
| dominant allele | is always shown; masks recessive; CAPITAL LETTER |
| recessive allele | not always shown; is masked by dominant allele; lowercase letter |
| genotype | the genes or combination of alleles. Ex. Xx, XX or xx |
| phenotype | the physical appearance (based on the genotype) |
| Law of Segregation | during Meiosis, allele pairs separated randomly unite at fertilization |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Traits like pea seed shape and color are inherited independently of each other |
| Punnett Square | diagram used to show inheritance patterns in offspring |
| monohybrid cross | compares one gene |
| outcome of The Law of Segregation and The Law of Independent assortment | 4 possible allele combinations |
| Homozygous | two of the same allele; ex. TT or tt |
| Heterzygous | two different alleles; ex. Tt |
| Incomplete Dominance | phenotype is a blended combination of both parents |
| Codominance | phenotype of both parents is shown |
| Polygenic Inheritance | The inheritance pattern is controlled by many genes ex. eye color, skin tone |
| Sex Linked or X linked traits | Traits are controlled by the X chromosome, so diseases will come only from the mother |
