| A | B |
|---|
| Patrician | members of the landholding class in Roman society |
| Consul | two chief executives elected for one year to run the government and command the armies of ancient Rome |
| Dictator | absolute ruler appointed in an emergency for six months |
| Tribune | officials elected by plebeians who could veto some of the Senate’s laws |
| Veto | refuse to approve |
| Legion | a group of 5000 Roman soldiers |
| Latins | ancestors of the Romans who migrated to Italy around 800 BC they lived in the middle portion of the Italian peninsula |
| Etruscans | peoples to the north of Rome who ruled Rome until 509 BC |
| Republic | form of government in which citizens elect officials to run the government |
| Plebeian | the common people of Roman society made up this class |
| Twelve Tables | the written laws of Rome that were displayed in the forum |
| Romulus and Remus | twin brothers that the legendary founding of Rome is based on |
| Appenine | name of a mountain range in the Italian peninsula |
| Senate | this legislative body dominated the Roman government |
| Imperialism | establishing control over foreign lands and peoples |
| Punicus | Latin term for Phoenician |
| Province | lands under Roman rule |
| Census | a population count |
| Punic Wars | three wars fought between Rome and Carthage |
| Gracchus brothers | two brothers who tried to put reforms in place to take care of the large number of poor in Rome |
| Circus Maximus | a Racetrack that could hold thousands of Roman spectators. |
| Coliseum | Rome’s largest stadium where gladiator battles were often fought |
| Latifundia | huge estates in Rome |
| Hannibal | a great Carthaginian general who fought against Rome in 2nd Punic War |
| Julius Caesar | great Roman general he was part of the 1st Triumvirate he fought in Gaul for 10 years gained fame and had himself declared Dictator of Rome he was assassinated by the Senate |
| Augustus Caesar | also known as Octavian he was the nephew of Julius Caesar who was a member of the Second Triumvirate and became the first emperor of Rome his rule of peace and stability began the period known as Pax Romana |
| Breads and Circuses | Free food and entertainment to control the mobs in Rome |
| Spartacus | slave who led a rebellion against Rome |
| Gaius Marius | first strong man he paid his soldiers who were more loyal to him than Rome |
| First Triumvirate | the political arrangement of Julius Caesar Crassus and Pompey |
| Second Triumvirate | the political arrangement of Octavian Marc Antony and Lepidus |
| Inflation | the rapid rise of prices |
| Mercenary | foreign soldiers serving for pay |
| Edict of Milan | this proclamation insured the legality of Christianity in the Roman Empire |
| Diocletian | the first emperor to divide the Roman Empire into East and West portions to slow inflation |
| Constantine | a Roman emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the east he passed the Edict of Milan in 313 CE |
| Huns | a group of nomadic herders from Asia led by Attila who threatened the Roman Empire by dislodging the German peoples in Europe with their lethal attacks |
| Hadrian | a good emperor who codified Roman law across all provinces and built a wall across Britain |
| Satirize | to make fun of |
| Engineering | the application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines |
| Greco-Roman | the blending of Greek Roman and Hellenistic cultures |
| Virgil | wrote the epic poem Aeneid |
| Livy | Roman historian who sought to rouse patriotic feelings in his history of Rome |
| Tacitus | Roman historian who wrote bitterly about Augustus and the empire; he mentioned Jesus Christ in his history |
| Galen | was a Roman physician who used experiments to prove a conclusion and he wrote several volumes that summarized all medical knowledge of his day. |
| Ptolemy | a scientist who developed a system of astronomy based on the belief that the sun |
| Mosaic | picture made from colored chips of stone or glass |
| Aqueduct | bridge like structure built by Romans to transport water |
| Aeneid | the story that praises Rome’s heroic past written by Virgil (similar to Iliad & Odyssey) |
| messiah | an anointed king sent by God |
| apostle | twelve close followers of Jesus meaning a person sent forth |
| martyr | people who suffer to die for their beliefs |
| diocese | a particular area that is directed by one Bishop |
| patriarch | a bishop who exercises authority over other bishops |
| pope | the bishop of Rome |
| Jesus | born about 4 BCE in Bethlehem he was a descendant of King David his teachings were firmly grounded in Jewish tradition his followers started Christianity |
| Paul | a Jew from Asia Minor who never met Jesus but played a very important role in spreading Christianity |
| Bishop | a priest that is in charge of a certain area known as a diocese |
| Heresy | beliefs that are contrary to the church’s teachings |
| Augustine | bishop of Hippo in North Africa he combined Christian doctrine with the philosophy of Plato |
