| A | B |
|---|
| thermodynamics | study of flow and transformation of energy through living things |
| entropy | measure of energy in a system that cannot be used to do work |
| energy | ability to do work |
| work | ability to change or move matter against other forces |
| metabolism | refers to all chemical reactions in a cell |
| producers | make energy for themselves |
| autotrophs | use light or chemicals to produce energy |
| photoautotrophs | obtain energy from the sun and store in organic compounds |
| chemoautotrophs | use inorganic substance as source of energy |
| heterotrophs | obtain energy from other organisms |
| catabolic | energy is released as a result of larger molecules being broken down |
| anabolic | builds larger molecules |
| photosynthesis | process in which light energy from sun is converted to chemical energy |
| cellular respiration | energy process which takes place in ALL eukaryotic cells |
| cellular respiration | occurs in cytoplasm AND mitochondria |
| photosynthesis | occurs in chloroplasts |
| cellular respiration | usable energy released in the form of ATP |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy produced during cellular respiration |
| macro-molecules | group of larger organic compounds used in biochemical reactions |
| carbohydrates | macro-molecule that is source of energy |
| proteins | most common macro-molecule composed of amino acids |
| proteins | macro molecule that transports substances & provides structural support |
| lipids | macro molecule that makes up fats and oils along with storing energy |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that makes up DNA and RNA |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that stores and carries genetic information |
| macro molecules | lips, proteins, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| biochemical paths | series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next |
| product | found on right side of chemical reaction |
| reactants | found on the left side of chemical reactions |
| LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY | ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER |
| CHLOROPLASTS | CELL STRUCTURE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS |
| MITOCHONDRIA | CELL STRUCTURE THAT PRODUCES ATP |
| CHLOROPHYLL | LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENT IN THE CHLOROPLAST THAT TRAPS LIGHT ENERGY |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY |
| POLYSACCHARIDES | LARGE MOLECULE MADE OF MANY SACCHARIDES EX: STARCH, CELLULOSE & COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES |
| MONOSACCHARIDES | CLASS OF SUGARS THAT CANNOT BE REDUCED INTO SIMPLER SUGAR THAT MAKES UP CARBOHYDRATES |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Store and pass on genetic information. Chemical makeup includes nitrogen, sugar, and phosphate |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber. Chemical makeup is carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio |
| PROTEINS | Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc. Made up of chains of amino acids which include atoms of nitrogen |
| LIPIDS | Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes, and don't readily dissolve in water. Made up of fatty acids. |
| MACROMOLECULES | VERY LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE NECESSARY FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LIVING ORGANISMS. CLASSES ARE LIPIDS, PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) |
| 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | Heat is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed but can be changed in form |
| MONOMERS | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| AMINO ACIDS | organic compounds that combine to form proteins. |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| THYLAKOID | FLATTENED, SAC LIKE MEMBRANES WHERE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION TAKE PLACE IN CHLOROPLAST |
| GRANNA/GRANUM | COLLECTION OR STACK OF THYLAKOIDS |
| STROMA | FLUID FILLED COMPARTMENT IN CHLOROPLAST WHERE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION TAKES PLACE |
| PIGMENTS | LIGHT ABSORBING COLORED MOLECULES |
| CHLOROPHYLLS | MAJOR LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENT IN PLANTS |
| CAROTENOIDS | ABSORB LIGHT IN THE BLUE AND GREEN REGIONS OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM EX: BETA CAROTENES |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT |
| NAD+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE | NADH |
| makes NADPH, does not take place first | PHOTOSYSTEM I |
| One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center, makes ATP and uses electrons from light | PHOTOSYSTEM II |
| CALVIN CYCLE | reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CHLOROPLASTS | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| RUBISCO | Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). |
| CALVIN CYCLE | joins CO2 with organic molecules inside the stroma of chloroplasts |
| RUBISCO | CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL ENZYMES BECAUSE CONVERTS INORGANIC CARBON DIOXIDE INTO USABLE ORGANIC MOLECULES |
| CARBON FIXATION | 1ST STEP OF THE CALVIN CYCLE WHERE CARBON DIOXIDE JOINS WITH ORGANIC MOLECULES |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| PHOTOSYSTEM I | an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to produce the high energy carriers ATP and NADPH |
| PHOTOSYSTEM II | absorbs light for use to drive the oxidation of water |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| a or an | non or not |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| NADP+ELECTRON CARRIER | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CO2 | CARBON DIOXIDE |
| C6H1206 | GLUCOSE |
| FERMENTATION | anaerobic reaction that produces small amount of energy |
| FERMENTATION | examples are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| aerobic | occurs in presence of oxygen |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| NADP+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADPH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP. |
| CYTOSOL | FLUID AROUND OUTER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA |
| GLYCOLOSIS | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| GLYCOLOSIS | OCCURS IN CYTOSOL |
| oxidative phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Pyruvate oxidation | the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
| Pyruvate oxidation | phase of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is oxidized in order to release energy. |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP |
| KREB'S CYCLE | ALSO KNOWN AS CITRIC ACID CYCLE |
| PYRUVATE | ALSO KNOW AS PYRUVIC ACID |
| PYRUVATE | end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| ATP SYNTHASE | enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| non or not | a or an |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CARBON DIOXIDE | CO2 |
| glucose | C6H1206 |
| FERMENTATION | anaerobic reaction that produces small amount of energy |
| FERMENTATION | examples are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| aerobic | occurs in presence of oxygen |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| NAD+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NAD | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP. |
| CYTOSOL | FLUID AROUND OUTER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA |
| GLYCOLOSIS | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| GLYCOLOSIS | OCCURS IN CYTOSOL |
| oxidative phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Pyruvate oxidation | the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
| Pyruvate oxidation | phase of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is oxidized in order to release energy. |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP |
| KREB'S CYCLE | ALSO KNOWN AS CITRIC ACID CYCLE |
| PYRUVATE | ALSO KNOW AS PYRUVIC ACID |
| PYRUVATE | end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| LYSIS | break down /split/divide |
| glucose | glyco |
| FADH2 | donate electrons to the electron transport chain |
| FADH2 | donate electrons by providing hydrogen molecule to the oxygen molecule to create water during the electron transport chain |
| matrix | space within the inner membrane, ontains the enzymes and chemicals of the citric acid cycle, |
| matrix | location responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate |
| catabolic | type of reaction involves breakdown of small molecules from digestion into even smaller ones as ATP is created |
