| A | B |
|---|
| VACCINES | contain antigens that are administered to people so that people are ACTIVELY immunized against an antigen |
| IMMUNE GOLBUILINS | are antibodies derived from donors that are administered to people so that people are PASSIVELY immunized against an antigen |
| immune globulins have LONG LASTING IMMUNITY | FALSE (they provide SHORT-TERM protection, 2-4 months) |
| vaccines have LONG LASTING IMMUNITY | TRUE |
| Type I (immediate allergies) involve ___, ___, and ___ | IgE antibodies, B-cell mediated |
| What are two examples of immediate allergies | anaphylaxis, hayfever, asthma |
| Type II (antibody-mediated incompatibilities) involve which antibodies? | IgG and IgM antibodies, B-cell mediated |
| What are two examples of antibody-mediated incompatibilities? | Blood group incompatibilities, pernisous anemia, myathenia gravis |
| Type III (immune complex diseases) involve which antibody? | IgG antibodies, B-cell mediated |
| What are two examples of immune complex diseases? | systemic lupus, rhuematoid arthritis, serum sickness rhuematic fever |
| Type IV (T-cell-mediated hypersensitivities) involve which antibody? | T-cell mediated; DOES NOT involve antibodies |
| What are two examples of T-cell-mediated hypersensitivities? | contact dermatitis, graft rejection |
| Modes of contact with allergens | Inhalants (Pollen, dust, animal dander), Ingestants (foods, drugs), Injections (insect bites, vaccines), Contactants (detergents, dye, cosmetics) |
| Hygiene or biodiversity hypothesis | states ultraclean lifestyles and living environments prevent the contact with microbes that is required for normal development of the immune system |
| primary immune deficiencies | result of genetic defects (inherited abnormalities) |
| secondary immune deficiencies | acquired by environmental factors (infection, organic disease, chemotherapy, radiation), most common infectious agent HIV/AIDS or malnutrition. |
| three methods in which to diagnose infectious disease | phenotypic, genotypic, and immunological |
| Immunological tests involve testing | serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, whole tissues, and even saliva for the presence of antibodies or antigens |
| One can detect an unknown antibody using a _______, or detect an unknown antigen using a ________ | known antigen, known antibody |
| An antibody has an extreme specificity for its antigen, and will bind tightly to it. Being able to visualize this binding is a powerful way to ____, ____, and _____ antigens (or antibodies) | detect, identify, quantify |
| Examples of immunological methods include | agglutination and precipitation reactions, the Western blot, and complement fixation tests |
| agglutination reaction | antibodies cross-link the antigens to form visible clumps; ex. ABO and Rh blood typing |
| precipitation reaction | the soluble antigen is precipitated (made insoluble) by an antibody; ex. VDRL test to detect antibodies to syphyllis |
| western blot | involves the electrophoresis seperation of proteins, followed by an immunoassay to detect these proteins; ex. HIV |
| complement fixation | lysin-mediated hemolysis, used to diagnose some viral, rickettsial and fungal infections |
| immunological method of diagnosing disease will involve the use of a known antigen or antibody to detect an | unknown antibody or antigen |
| phenotypic method of identifying unknown microbes | includes, cell shape, size, (micriscopic and macroscopic identification)gram stain reactions, acid-fast reactions and special structures |
| genotypic method of identifying microbes | examination of genetic material itself |
| humoral immunity | secretes antibodies to fight against antigens, s rapid or quick in their action against antigens |
| cell mediated immunity | secretes cytokines and no antibodies to attack the pathogens, involves T-cells; DELAYED reaction but PERMANENT |
| describe antigen-antibody interaction | specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction |
| describe antigen-receptor interaction | an antibody protein that is not secreted but is anchored to the B-cell membrane and stimulates immune system to produce antibodies |
