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Radiology - Acronyms and mnemonics for DDx
Each of the following Acronyms and mnemonics can be useful aid for learning and remembering differential diagnoses for particular radiographic presentations. The source of the information is the Dähnert W: Radiology review manual, ed 3, Baltimore, 1996, Williams & Wilkins.
and Marchiori, Dennis. Clinical Imaging, 2nd Edition. Mosby, 2005.
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| A | B |
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| Solitary lytic defect in the skull: “TORMENT” | 1.Tuberculosis 2.Osteomyelitis 3.Radiation 4. Metastasis/Multiple myeloma 5. Epidermoid/dermoid 6. Neurofibromatosis/Necrosis (radiation) 7.Trauma |
| Multiple lytic defects in the skull: “BAMMAH” | Brown tumor, Arteriovenous malformation, Multiple myeloma, Metastases, Amyloidosis, Histiocytosis |
| Button sequestrum of the skull: “TORE ME” | Tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis, Radiation, Eosinophilic granuloma, Metastasis, Epidermoid |
| Hair-on-end appearance of the skull: “SHITE” | Sickle-cell disease, Hereditary spherocytosis, Iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemia major, Enzyme deficiency (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) |
| Absent greater wing of the sphenoid: “M FOR MARINE” | Meningioma, Fibrous dysplasia, Optic glioma, Relapsing hematoma, Metastasis, Aneurysm, Retinoblastoma, Idiopathic, Neurofibromatosis, Eosinophilic granuloma |
| Wormian (sutural) bones: “PORK CHOPS” | Pyknodysostosis, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Rickets (healing phase), Kinky hair syndrome, Cleidocranial dysplasia, Hypothyroidism/Hypophosphatasia, Otopalatodigital syndrome, Pachydermoperiostosis/Primary acro-osteolysis, Syndrome of Down |
| Increased skull thickness: “HIPFAM” | Hyperostosis frontalis interna, Idiopathic, Paget's disease, Fibrous dysplasia, Anemia, Metastasis |
| Atlantoaxial subluxation: “JAP LARD” | Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Psoriatic arthritis, Lupus erythematosus, Accident (trauma), Retropharyngeal abscess/Rheumatoid arthritis, Down syndrome |
| Ivory vertebra: “My Only Sister Left Home On Friday Past” | Myelosclerosis, Osteoblastic metastasis, Sickle-cell anemia, Lymphoma, Hemangioma, Osteopetrosis, Fluorosis, Paget's disease |
| Vertebra plana: “FETISH” | Fracture, Eosinophilic granuloma, Tumor (metastasis, multiple myeloma), Infection, Steroids, Hemangioma |
| Bullet-shaped vertebra: “HAM” | Hypothyroidism, Achondroplasia, Morquio's disease |
| Posterior vertebral body scalloping: “HAMENTS” | Hurler's syndrome/Hydrocephalus, Achondroplasia/Acromegaly, Marfan's syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Tumor (meningioma, ependymoma), Syringomyelia |
| Anterior vertebral body scalloping: “MALT” | Multiple myeloma (paravertebral soft-tissue mass), Aortic aneurysm, Lymphadenopathy (lymphoma), Tuberculosis |
| Expansile lesions in the vertebral arch: “GO APE” | Giant cell tumor, Osteoblastoma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Plasmacytoma, Eosinophilic granuloma |
| Tumor predisposed to the vertebral body: “CALL HOME” | Chordoma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hemangioma/Hydatid cyst, Osteoblastoma, Multiple myeloma/Metastasis, Eosinophilic granuloma |
| Neoplasms of the sacrum: “CAGE” | Chordoma/Chondrosarcoma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Giant cell tumor, Ewing's tumor |
| Protrusio acetabuli: “PORT” | Paget's disease, Osteomalacia/Otto pelvis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Trauma |
| Aberrant development of the pubic bone: “CHIEF” | Cleidocranial dysostosis, Hypospadias/epispadias, Idiopathic, Exstrophy of bladder, F for syringomyelia |
| Widened symphysis pubis: “EPOCH” | Exstrophy of bladder, Prune belly syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Cleidocranial dysostosis, Hypothyroidism |
| Widened sacroiliac joint: “CRAP TRAP” | Colitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Abscess (infection), Parathyroid disease, Trauma, Reiter's syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Psoriasis |
| Calcification of the intervertebral disc: “DO IT” | Degeneration, Ochronosis, Idiopathic, Trauma |
| Chondrocalcinosis: “WHIP A DOG” | Wilson's disease, Hemochromatosis/Hemophilia/Hypothyroidism/Hyperparathyroidism/Hypophosphatasia, Idiopathic, Pseudogout, Amyloidosis, Diabetes mellitus, Ochronosis, Gout |
| Premature osteoarthritis: “COME CHAT” | Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition, Ochronosis, Marfan's syndrome, Epiphyseal dysplasia, Charcot's (neurotrophic) arthropathy, Hemophilic arthropathy, Acromegaly, Trauma |
| Arthritis with demineralization: “HORSE” | Hemophilia, Osteomyelitis, Rheumatoid arthritis/Reiter's syndrome, Scleroderma, Erythematosus (systemic lupus) |
| Arthritis without demineralization: “PONGS” | Psoriatic arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Neuropathic joint, Gout, Sarcoidosis |
| Arthritis involving distal interphalangeal joints: “POEM” | Psoriatic arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Erosive osteoarthritis, Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis |
| Premature closure of the epiphyseal plate: “JB HIT” | Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Battered child syndrome, Hemophilia, Infection, Trauma |
| Epiphyseal lesions: “CAGGIE” | Chondroblastoma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Giant cell tumor, Geode, Infection, Eosinophilic granuloma/Enchondroma |
| Epiphyseal lesions: “GELCO” | Giant cell tumor, Eosinophilic granuloma/Enchondroma, Lipoma, Chondroblastoma/Cyst (degenerative), Osteomyelitis |
| Diaphyseal tumors: “FEMALE” | Fibrous dysplasia, Ewing's sarcoma, Metastasis, Adamantinoma, Lymphoma/Leukemia, Eosinophilic granuloma |
| Frayed metaphyses: “CHARMS” | Congenital infections (rubella, syphilis), Hypophosphatasia, Achondroplasia, Rickets, Metaphyseal dysostosis, Scurvy |
| Rhizomelic dwarfism: “MA CAT” | Metatrophic dwarfism, Achondrogenesis, Chondrodysplasia punctata, Achondroplasia (heterozygous), Thanatophoric dysplasia |
| Short fourth metacarpal: “TOP” | Turner's syndrome/Trauma, Osteomyelitis, Pseudohypoparathyroidism |
| Radiolucent metaphyseal bands: “SLING” | Systemic illness (rickets, scurvy), Leukemia, Infection (congenital syphilis), Neuroblastoma metastasis/Normal variant, Growth lines |
| Dense metaphyseal bands: “Heavy Cretins Sift Scurrilously through Rickety Systems” | Heavy metal poisoning (lead, bismuth), Cretinism, Syphilis (congenital), Scurvy, Rickets (healed), Systemic illness |
| Periosteal reaction in child: “PERIOSTEAL SOCKS” | Physiological/Prostaglandin, Eosinophilic granuloma, Rickets, Infantile cortical hyperostosis, Osteomyelitis, Scurvy, Trauma, Ewing's sarcoma, A-hypervitaminosis, Leukemia, Syphilis, Osteosarcoma, Child abuse, Kinky hair syndrome, Sickle-cell disease |
| Expansile rib lesion: “THELMA” | Tuberculosis, Hematopoiesis, Eosinophilic granuloma/Ewing's sarcoma/Enchondroma, Leukemia/Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma/Metastasis, Aneurysmal bone cyst |
| Destruction of the medial end of the clavicle: “FEMALE” | Fibrous dysplasia, Ewing's sarcoma, Metastasis, Adamantinoma, Lymphoma/Leukemia, Eosinophilic granuloma |
| Thick heel pad: “MAD COP” | Myxedema, Acromegaly, Dilantin therapy, Callus, Obesity, Peripheral edema |
| Acroosteolysis: “RADISH” | Raynaud's phenomena, Arteriosclerosis, Diabetes, Injury (thermal), Scleroderma/Sarcoidosis, Hyperparathyroidism |
| Cystic bone lesions: “FEGNOMASHIC” | Fibrous dysplasia, Enchondroma, Giant cell tumor, Nonossifying fibroma, Osteoblastoma, Multiple myeloma/Metastasis, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Simple bone cyst, Hyperparathyroidism/Hemophilic pseudotumor, Infection, Chondroblastoma |
| Multiple lytic lesions: “FEEMHI” | Fibrous dysplasia, Enchondroma, Eosinophilic granuloma, Metastasis/Multiple myeloma, Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumors)/Hemangioma, Infection |
| Lytic lesion surrounded by sclerosis: “BOOST” | Brodie's abscess, Osteoblastoma, Osteoid osteoma, Stress fracture, Tuberculosis |
| Generalized bone sclerosis: “3 M's PROF” | Metastasis (blastic), Mastocytosis, Myelofibrosis, Paget's disease, Rickets, Osteopetrosis, Fluorosis |
| Moth-eaten bone destruction: “LEMON” | Lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma/Eosinophilic granuloma, Metastasis/Multiple myeloma, Osteomyelitis, Neuroblastoma |
| Avascular necrosis: “PLASTIC RAGS” | Pancreatitis/Pregnancy, Lupus erythematosus, Alcoholism, Sickle cell anemia, Trauma, Idiopathic, Caisson disease, Rheumatoid arthritis/Radiation, Atherosclerosis, Gaucher's disease, Steroids |
| Failed back surgery: “ABCDEF” | Arachnoiditis, Bleeding, Contamination (infection), Disc (residual, recurrent, new level), Error (wrong level or side), Fibrosis (scar formation) |
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