| A | B |
|---|
| GREGOR MENDEL | DISCOVERED INHERITED TRAITS WHILE STUDYING PEA PLANTS, DETERMINED PHYSICAL TRAITS ARE A RESULT OF GENES |
| FREIDRICH MIESCHER | DISCOVERED DNA |
| WALTER SUTTON | WORKED WITH GRASSHOPPERS AND ESTABLISHED THE CHROMOSOME THEORY |
| THOMAS HUNT MORGAN | USED EYE COLOR OF FRUIT FLIES TO DETERMINE A LINK BETWEEN GENES AND CHROMOSOMES |
| FREDRICK GRIFFITH | USED TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA INJECTED IN MICE TO DETERMINE TRANSFORMING AGENT WAS AN INHERITANCE MOLECULE |
| AVERY, MACLEOD, & MACCARTY | DEFINED TRANSFORMING AGENT AS DNA |
| EDWIN CHARGAFF | IDENTIFIED THE DNA BASES AND DISCOVERED THE 1:1 RATIO OF BASE PAIRS |
| MAURICE WILKINS | photographed DNA using X-Ray crystallography |
| DNA | DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID |
| DNA HELICASE | essential during DNA replication because separates double-stranded DNA into single strands |
| DNA POLYMERASE | usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule, by "reading" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones |
| DNA LIGASE | joins new strand of DNA to old strand by forming new chemical bond |
| DNA REPLICATION | the process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division |
| SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION | Each half of an original DNA molecule serves as a templete for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules each have one old and one new strand. |
| DNA HELICASE | unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication. |
| DNA POLYMERASE | Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| LEADING STRAND | the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized into the replication fork. |
| LAGGING STRAND | The strand that is synthesized away from the replication fork , in fragments using sections called Okazaki fragments. |
| OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS | Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand. |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Macromolecules that includes DNA and RNA |
| NUCLEOTIDE | A subunit of nucleic acids formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| ADENINE | Nitrogen base that pairs with thymine in DNA |
| GUANINE | A nitrogen base found in DNA; pairs only with cytosine. |
| THYMINE | A nucleotide that pairs with adenine. Found only in DNA. |
| CYTOSINE | A nitrogenous base found in DNA; pairs with guanine |
| HYDROGEN BOND | A weak chemical bond used to hold complementary base pairs together |
| BASE PAIRS | Any of the pairs formed between complementary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA |
| REPLICATION FORK | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. |
| DNA | Long Double Helix, made of Nucleotides |
| DEOXYRIBOSE | sugar in DNA |
| ROSALIND FRANKLIN | photographed DNA using sharp X-Ray diffraction; Watson and Crick used her data to discover shape of DNA |
| HERSHEY & CHASE | confirmed DNA was genetic material, not protein |
| WATSON & CRICK | discovered double helix 3 dimensional structure |
| PURINE | composed of a double ring of six-member nitrogen-containing ring and a five-member nitrogen-containing ring joined together...includes adenine and guanine |
| PYRIMIDINE | have a six-member nitrogen-containing ring...includes cytosine and thymine |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| uracil | one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA |
| uracil | base in RNA that replaces thymine in DNA |
| RNA | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus |
| amino acids | organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups |
| proteins | made up of long chains of amino acids |
| codon | a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis. — called also triplet. |
| polypeptides | a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| mRNA | transcribes the information from DNA to the cell machinery that makes proteins |
| tRNA | act as temporary carriers of amino acids, |
| transcription | the synthesis of mRNA (messenger RNA) from a DNA template, takes place in nucleus |
| translation | the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a segment of RNA, takes place in cytoplasm |
| RNA | made up of ribose sugar and base uracil |
| codon | template for protein synthesis which takes place on ribosomes |
| RNA | made up of bases, adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine |
| ribose | type of sugar that makes up RNA |
| tRNA | carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message |
| mRNA | carries instructions of polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| codon | A group of three nitrogenous bases that code for an amino acid |
| anti codon | A set of three nitrogenous bases on tRNA that matches a codon on mRNA |
| translation | Changes information in mRNA to a strand of amino acids that make a protein |
| RNA polymerase | Opens DNA strands and joins the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template in transcription. |
| transcription | process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule |
| translation | the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes | organelle where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| polypeptide | forms as a result of amino acids bond together with peptide bonds |
| proteins | made up of one or more polypeptide molecules |
| structural proteins | proteins resulting in physical traits |
| enzymatic proteins | proteins resulting in metabolic traits |
| hormonal proteins | proteins which control growth and development |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ORGANELLES | TINY MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES FOUND ONLY IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CELL WALL | Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria. |
| NUCLEOPLASM | the protoplasm that is found inside the nucleus of a cell |
| POLAR HEAD | PART OF THE LIPID LAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. CHEMICAL MAKEUP IS PHOSPHATE AND IT IS HYDROPHILLIC |
| NON POLAR TAIL | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. MADE UP OF FATTY ACIDS AND IS HYDROPHOBIC |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BACKBONE | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEAD AND TAIL ATTACH. MADE UP OF GLYCEROL |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CHOLESTEROL | ONLY FOUND IN THE LIPID BILAYER OF ANIMAL CELLS. NOT IN PLANT CELLS. HELPS STRENGTHEN THE BILAYER AND DECREASES PERMEABILITY |
| CILIA | MULTIPLE, SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS OFF OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTING FLUIDS OR PARTICLES |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE OR FEW, WHIP-LIKE PROJECTION OFF A CELL THAT AIDES IN MOVEMENT. |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| SIMPLE DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| POLAR | MOLECULE WITH CHARGED ENDS LIKE PHOSPHATE HEADS ON THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| NONPOLAR | INERT, A MOLECULE THAT DOES NOT HAVE CHARGED ENDS |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT AND MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE |
| HYDROPHOBIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF FATTY ACID TAILS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE TAILS ARE WATER INSOLUABLE AND DISLIKE BEING IN CONTACT WITH WATER MOLECULES |
| HYDROPHILLIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOSPHATE HEADS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEADS ARE WATER SOLUABLE AND ATTRACTED TO WATER MOLECULES |
| CARBOHYDRATES | USUALLY ATTACHED TO PROTEINS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND HELP WITH CELL TO CELL IDENTIFICATION |
| CHOLESTEROL | PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN AN ANIMAL CELL WHICH HELPS THE MEMBRANE BE LESS PERMEABLE AND PROVIDES SUPPORT TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHILE HELPING IT REMAIN FLUID |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESS THAT MOVES MATERIAL ACROSS A MEMBRANE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | REQUIRES NO ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION |
| HYPERTONIC | HAVING A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| ISOTONIC | TWO SOLUTIONS WITH AN EQUAL CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES |
| HYPOTONIC | HAVING A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| POLAR | MOLECULE WITH CHARGED ENDS LIKE PHOSPHATE HEADS ON THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| NONPOLAR | INERT, A MOLECULE THAT DOES NOT HAVE CHARGED ENDS |
| CONCENTRATION GRADIENT | A DIFFERENCE IN THE “AMOUNT” OF A SUBSTANCE ACROSS A DISTANCE |
| EQUILIBRIUM | A STATE OF BALANCE AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT AND MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE |
| EXTRACELLULAR | ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE CELL |
| EXOCYTOSIS | is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell |
| SOLUTE | SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE SUCH AS WATER |
| SOLVENT | DISSOLVES SOLUTES...WATER IN OSMOSIS |
| SOLUTION | COMBINATION OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | COMPONENT MANIPULATED BY EXPERIMENTER |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND BEFORE VERB IN PROBLEM STATAEMENT |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND BEFORE "THEN" IN HYPOTHESIS |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | PROBLEM: WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL? "TYPE OF SURFACE" |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | COMPONENT THAT MAY CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND AFTER THE VERB IN A PROBLEM STATEMENT |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND AFTER "THEN" IN HYPOTHESIS |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | PROBLEM: WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL? "DISTANCE TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL" |
| CONTROL GROUP | THE "NORMAL" GROUP |
| CONTROL GROUP | TEST/EXPERIEMENTAL GROUP WITHOUT THE IV |
| CONTROL GROUP | THE DISTANCE TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL WITHOUT A SURFACE....NONE DEFINED, TRUE COMPARISON |
| RETESTS | REPEATNG THE EXPERIMENT MULTIPLE TIMES (AT LEAST 10) FOR EACH TEST/IV GROUP |
| RETESTS | TEN TRIALS FOR EACH TYPE OF SURFACE. |
| CONSTANTS | PARTS OF THE EXPERIMENT KEPT THE SAME SO THE ONLY REASON FOR A DIFFERENCE IN DATA IS THE IV |
| CONSTANTS | SHOULD NOT REFER TO THE IV OR DV |
| CONSTANTS | THE SAME LENGTH OF RAMP. THE SAME HEIGHT OF RAMP. THE SAME AERODYNAMICS OF TOY CAR. THE SAME TIRES. THE SAME METHOD FOR RELEASING THE CAR. |
| CELLS | BASIC UNIT OF ALL LIVING THINGS |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| PROBLEM | WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR TRAVELS? |
| RESEARCH | CHECKING OUT A WEBSITE REGARDING FRICTION |
| HYPOTHESIS | AS THE TYPE OF SURFACE CHANGES, THEN THE DISTANCE TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL CHANGES |
| PROCEDURE | NUMBERED STEPS OF DIRECTIONS |
| RESULTS | THE AVERAGE DISTANCE OF THE TOY CARS ON A SMOOTH SURFACE WAS 83 CM AND THE DISTANCE THE CARS TRAVELED ON SANDPAPER WAS 72 CM |
| CONCLUSION | THE DATA INDICATED THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE SUPPORTED |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| PROBLEM | SCIENTIFIC QUESTION TO SOLVE |
| HYPOTHESIS | USES RESEARCH TO HAVE AN IDEA ON THE OUTCOME |
| PROCEDURE | 1. GATHER MATERIALS 2. PUT 10 ML OF CARBOXYL SEALER ON EACH OF THE 10 WOOD BLOCKS AND ALLOW TO DRY FOR 24 HOURS. 3. LEAVE 10 BLOCKS OF WOOD WITHOUT ANY SEALER. 4. MEASURE MASS OF EACH OF THE WOOD BLOCKS. 5. PUT ALL WOOD BLOCKS IN A TUB OF WATER FOR 24 HOURS. ETC... |
| a or an | non or not |
| bio | life |
| logy | study of |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| endo | inner, inside |
| auto | self |
| hyper | above, over |
| hypo | below, under |
| bio | life |
| chloro | green |
| intra | within, inside |
| di, bi | double, two |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| hetero | different, other |
| hydro | water |
| synthesis | to make/put together |
| photo | light |
| lys | breakdown |
| plasm | form |
| chromo | color |
| aero | air |
| homo | same, alike |
| thermodynamics | study of flow and transformation of energy through living things |
| entropy | measure of energy in a system that cannot be used to do work |
| energy | ability to do work |
| work | ability to change or move matter against other forces |
| metabolism | refers to all chemical reactions in a cell |
| producers | make energy for themselves |
| autotrophs | use light or chemicals to produce energy |
| photoautotrophs | obtain energy from the sun and store in organic compounds |
| chemoautotrophs | use inorganic substance as source of energy |
| heterotrophs | obtain energy from other organisms |
| catabolic | energy is released as a result of larger molecules being broken down |
| anabolic | builds larger molecules |
| photosynthesis | process in which light energy from sun is converted to chemical energy |
| cellular respiration | energy process which takes place in ALL eukaryotic cells |
| cellular respiration | occurs in cytoplasm AND mitochondria |
| photosynthesis | occurs in chloroplasts |
| cellular respiration | usable energy released in the form of ATP |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy produced during cellular respiration |
| macro-molecules | group of larger organic compounds used in biochemical reactions |
| carbohydrates | macro-molecule that is source of energy |
| proteins | most common macro-molecule composed of amino acids |
| proteins | macro molecule that transports substances & provides structural support |
| lipids | macro molecule that makes up fats and oils along with storing energy |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that makes up DNA and RNA |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that stores and carries genetic information |
| macro molecules | lips, proteins, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| biochemical paths | series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next |
| product | found on right side of chemical reaction |
| reactants | found on the left side of chemical reactions |
| LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY | ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER |
| CHLOROPLASTS | CELL STRUCTURE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS |
| MITOCHONDRIA | CELL STRUCTURE THAT PRODUCES ATP |
| CHLOROPHYLL | LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENT IN THE CHLOROPLAST THAT TRAPS LIGHT ENERGY |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY |
| POLYSACCHARIDES | LARGE MOLECULE MADE OF MANY SACCHARIDES EX: STARCH, CELLULOSE & COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES |
| MONOSACCHARIDES | CLASS OF SUGARS THAT CANNOT BE REDUCED INTO SIMPLER SUGAR THAT MAKES UP CARBOHYDRATES |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Store and pass on genetic information. Chemical makeup includes nitrogen, sugar, and phosphate |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber. Chemical makeup is carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio |
| PROTEINS | Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc. Made up of chains of amino acids which include atoms of nitrogen |
| LIPIDS | Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes, and don't readily dissolve in water. Made up of fatty acids. |
| MACROMOLECULES | VERY LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE NECESSARY FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LIVING ORGANISMS. CLASSES ARE LIPIDS, PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) |
| 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | Heat is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed but can be changed in form |
| MONOMERS | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| AMINO ACIDS | organic compounds that combine to form proteins. |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| THYLAKOID | FLATTENED, SAC LIKE MEMBRANES WHERE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION TAKE PLACE IN CHLOROPLAST |
| GRANNA/GRANUM | COLLECTION OR STACK OF THYLAKOIDS |
| STROMA | FLUID FILLED COMPARTMENT IN CHLOROPLAST WHERE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION TAKES PLACE |
| PIGMENTS | LIGHT ABSORBING COLORED MOLECULES |
| CHLOROPHYLLS | MAJOR LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENT IN PLANTS |
| CAROTENOIDS | ABSORB LIGHT IN THE BLUE AND GREEN REGIONS OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM EX: BETA CAROTENES |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT |
| NAD+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE | NADH |
| makes NADPH, does not take place first | PHOTOSYSTEM I |
| One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center, makes ATP and uses electrons from light | PHOTOSYSTEM II |
| CALVIN CYCLE | reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CHLOROPLASTS | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| RUBISCO | Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). |
| CALVIN CYCLE | joins CO2 with organic molecules inside the stroma of chloroplasts |
| RUBISCO | CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL ENZYMES BECAUSE CONVERTS INORGANIC CARBON DIOXIDE INTO USABLE ORGANIC MOLECULES |
| CARBON FIXATION | 1ST STEP OF THE CALVIN CYCLE WHERE CARBON DIOXIDE JOINS WITH ORGANIC MOLECULES |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| PHOTOSYSTEM I | an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to produce the high energy carriers ATP and NADPH |
| PHOTOSYSTEM II | absorbs light for use to drive the oxidation of water |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| a or an | non or not |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| NADP+ELECTRON CARRIER | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CO2 | CARBON DIOXIDE |
| C6H1206 | GLUCOSE |
| FERMENTATION | anaerobic reaction that produces small amount of energy |
| FERMENTATION | examples are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| aerobic | occurs in presence of oxygen |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| NADP+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADPH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP. |
| CYTOSOL | FLUID AROUND OUTER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA |
| GLYCOLOSIS | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| GLYCOLOSIS | OCCURS IN CYTOSOL |
| oxidative phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Pyruvate oxidation | the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
| Pyruvate oxidation | phase of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is oxidized in order to release energy. |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP |
| KREB'S CYCLE | ALSO KNOWN AS CITRIC ACID CYCLE |
| PYRUVATE | ALSO KNOW AS PYRUVIC ACID |
| PYRUVATE | end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| ATP SYNTHASE | enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| non or not | a or an |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CARBON DIOXIDE | CO2 |
| glucose | C6H1206 |
| FERMENTATION | anaerobic reaction that produces small amount of energy |
| FERMENTATION | examples are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| aerobic | occurs in presence of oxygen |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| NAD+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NAD | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP. |
| CYTOSOL | FLUID AROUND OUTER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA |
| GLYCOLOSIS | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| GLYCOLOSIS | OCCURS IN CYTOSOL |
| oxidative phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Pyruvate oxidation | the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
| Pyruvate oxidation | phase of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is oxidized in order to release energy. |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP |
| KREB'S CYCLE | ALSO KNOWN AS CITRIC ACID CYCLE |
| PYRUVATE | ALSO KNOW AS PYRUVIC ACID |
| PYRUVATE | end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| LYSIS | break down /split/divide |
| glucose | glyco |
| FADH2 | donate electrons to the electron transport chain |
| FADH2 | donate electrons by providing hydrogen molecule to the oxygen molecule to create water during the electron transport chain |
| matrix | space within the inner membrane, ontains the enzymes and chemicals of the citric acid cycle, |
| matrix | location responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate |
| catabolic | type of reaction involves breakdown of small molecules from digestion into even smaller ones as ATP is created |
