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| How did the decision in Brown v. Board of Education impact the direction and outcome of the Civil Rights Movement? | The Brown decision overturned the “Separate but Equal” doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson and desegregated public schools. |
| How did the Little Rock 9 incident lead to states’ rights debates between the federal government and the State of Arkansas? | The governor of Arkansas refused to allow nine African-American students to integrate Central High School, but President Eisenhower forced the governor to obey the Brown decision. |
| How did the Greensboro Sit-In, Montgomery Bus-Boycott and Freedom Rides successfully test segregation and gained greater equality for Americans? | The Greensboro Sit-in integrated store lunch counters; the Montgomery Bus Boycott allowed African-Americans to sit in the front of the city bus; and the Freedom Rides integrated interstate bus travel. |
| How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 24th Amendment impact the direction and outcome of the Civil Rights Movement? | The Civil Rights Act of 1964 desegregated public accommodations or space like restrooms and swimming pools; Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated literacy test as a requirement for voting; and the 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes as a requirement for voting. |
| How did civil rights leaders like Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr differ on how to best achieve greater freedom and equality for African-Americans? | Garvey promoted the “Back to Africa” movement, Malcolm X promoted racial justice by “any means necessary” and King promoted civil disobedience or non-violent protest to achieve equality. |
| How did Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools test the distribution of power between the federal government and the state of North Carolina? | The Swann decision forced CMS to desegregate its schools through busing. |
| How did the African-American civil rights movement influence the United Farm Workers during the 20th Century? | Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers and used King’s civil disobedience strategy to achieve higher pay and better working conditions. |
| How did the book, Feminine Mystique, challenge the cult of domesticity of the 1950s and Phyllis Schlafly? | Feminine Mystique challenged the ideal that women should be happy being housewives and suggested that women should compete with men in the workplace. |
| How did President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs address issues of social injustice and poverty? | Great Society programs included Medicare to ensure medical care for the elderly; Medicaid to ensure medical care for the poor; Headstart and money for the education of poor kids, and low-income housing for the poor. |
| Why did the United States lead a United Nations coalition of forces in the Persian Gulf War? | President George H.W. Bush sent troops to help United Nations forces push Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, which he invaded for their oil resources. |
| How did the President Bush’s “War on Terror” respond to the threat of terrorism after the 9/11 attacks? | President Georg W. Bush created the department of Homeland Security that put together all the intelligence agencies like the FBI and CIA to identify terrorist threats. The Patriot Act was passed to provide surveillance on Americans without a search warrant. |
| Why did Stalin break the Yalta Conference agreement and how did Truman respond? | Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany so he refused to allow free elections in Poland and he sought to make Eastern Europe Communists not Democratic. |
| How did Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech and Kennan’s observation of the Soviet Union impact U.S. Foreign Policy? | Both the Iron Curtain speech and Kennan feared that Soviet Communism would spread to Democracies in Western Europe, which led to a foreign policy of “Containment”. |
| How were the Marshall Plan and the Berlin Airlift examples of the Truman Doctrine? | The Marshall Plan spent billions to help rebuild Western Europe and the Berlin Airlift sent food and supplies to West Berlin to help people trapped by Stalin’s blockade. |
| How was U.S. involvement in the NATO and the UN both examples of a foreign policy known as Collective Security? | Both NATO and the UN were alliances that required the U.S. to provide military support if any member of the alliance is attacked. |
| How did Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee gain fame and power during the early 1950s? | McCarthyism and the HUAC gained fame for falsely accusing high ranking military and political officials of being Communists and Anarchists. |
| How did the Soviet launching of Sputnik start a space race and impact the development of American education? | Sputnik proved that the Soviet had advance missile technology which led to the establishment of NASA and the funding for advance math and science classes. |
| Why did President Eisenhower warn against the “Military-Industrial Complex” in his Farewell Address? | Eisenhower feared that the build-up of military weapons would lead to higher taxes and a weaken economy. |
| How did the “Bay of Pigs” invasion impact the Kennedy presidency? | The failed attempt to use Cuban rebels to assassinate Cuba leader Fidel Castro embarrassed Kennedy and left him weak in the eyes of many. |
| How did the Cuban Missile Crisis take the nation to the brink of a nuclear war? | Fidel Castro allowed the Soviet Union to put nuclear missiles in Cuba in fear of another assignation attempt, which forced Kennedy to place a blockade around Cuba. Ultimately the conflict was resolved by removing the missiles and leaving Castro alone. |
| How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and later, the War Powers Act influence the power of the President during the Vietnam War? | The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson the power to use all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against U.S. forces, which led Johnson to send troops and escalate the war in Vietnam, while the War Powers Act limited the power of President Nixon and gave war powers back to Congress. |
| How did the Tet Offensive and My Lai impact President Johnson and U.S. involvement in Vietnam? | The Tet Offensive proved that winning the war would be difficult and My Lai proved that U.S. soldiers were killing innocent women and children. Both events turned Americans against Johnson and the war. |
| 23. Why was the Court’s decision in NY Times v. U.S to publish the Pentagon Papers significant? | The federal government attempted to stop the New York Times from publishing the truth about the Vietnam War in the Pentagon Papers. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspaper, not the Executive Branch. |
| Why was the Paris Peace Accords a significant development during the Vietnam War? | The Paris Peace Accords signaled the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam and an end of U.S. involvement in the war. |
| Why was the Fall of Saigon a significant development for the U.S. Cold War policy? | The Fall of Saigon signaled the evacuation of all U.S. personnel from Vietnam while the Communists took control of all of Vietnam. |
| How were Nixon’s visit to China and the signing of the SALT I Treaty examples of “Détente”? | Nixon’s visit to and recognition of Communist China eased tensions during the Cold War and the treaty limiting the development of certain nuclear weapons slowed down the arms race. |
| How did the Watergate scandal test the principle of checks and balances? | President Nixon’s cover-up of the Watergate burglary and refusal to submit audio tapes to Congress led to Nixon becoming the first president to resign from office before being impeached and removed from office. |
| Why was the Camp David Accords an important achievement for President Carter? | President Carter brought the leaders of Egypt and Israel to the U.S to sign an agreement that called for peace in the Middle East, which meant that Israel would withdraw from territories taken during the Yom Kippur War. |
| Why was the Iranian Hostage Crisis seen as a foreign policy nightmare for President Carter? | Carter tried to help the Shah of Iran flee from a revolution in Iran but the Iranians took American hostages to get the Shah back. Carter attempted to rescue the hostages but failed and the hostages were held until Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan. |
| How did President Reagan’s administration violate U.S. Neutrality laws in the Iran-Contra Affair? | President Reagan violated U.S Neutrality laws by secretly funding Pro-Western rebels called Contras with money from arms sales from Iran in order to overthrow a Communist-led government in Nicaragua. |
| How was the tearing down of the Berlin Wall a signal that the U.S. had won the Cold War? | On November 9, 1989, the East German government announced that people could travel freely to West Berlin. Germans flocked to the Berlin Wall and began tearing it down. Just a few years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Soviet Union broke apart ending the Cold War. |
| How did the “Lend-Lease” Act challenge the Neutrality Acts of 1935-1939? | Under the Lend-Lease Act, the president could send aid to any nation whose defense was considered vital to the United States' national security and If the country had no resources to pay, the US could send it and accept payment until later. |
| Why did Japan attack the United States in 1941 causing the U.S. to enter World War? | The U.S. placed an oil embargo on Japan because Japan attempted to invade countries like China to get natural resources like oil that it did not produce at home. So, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor to destroy the U.S. fleet of planes and ships which would allow Japan time to invade neighboring countries. |
| Why was D-Day, also known, as “Operation Overlord” a turning point in World War II? | On August 25, 1944, the U.S and Allie Forces fought their way into Paris France rescuing the city from four years of German occupation. |
| Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in World War II? | The U.S. victory at Midway forced the Japanese to assume a more defensive war strategy and proved to be their last offensive operation of the war eventually allowing the U.S. to finally go on offense using the island hopping strategy in the Pacific. |
| How did President Truman justify using the atomic bomb to end World War II? | Truman justified dropping the atomic bomb in order to save lives, end the war quickly, and to intimidate Stalin. |
| How did Korematsu v. United States challenge Executive Order 9066? | The decision in Korematsu v. United States upheld Executive Order 9906, which forced Japanese-Americans on the West Coast from their homes and businesses and placed them in Internment Camps for the duration of the war. |
| How did the G.I. Bill or the Readjustment Act of 1944 lead to a rising middle class? | The G.I. Bill led to a rise in the middle-class because it provided military veterans with benefits such as job priority, money for furthering their education, training, and loans for purchasing homes and property. |
| How did Rosie the Riveter impact the perceptions and roles of women in American society? | Rosie the Riveter became the symbol of women from all cultural and racial backgrounds who entered the workforce to fill the gap left vacant by men serving in the war. |
