| A | B |
|---|
| Septal defects are most common congenital defect | a hole in the septum which separates the right side of heart from the left side |
| During fetal life the Foreamen ovale is a hole be Tween left and right atrium which | Allows venous blood to enter left atrium from the right atrium and is supposed to close at birthatrial septal defects result from incomplete closure of foreamen ovale or incomplete formation of the septum |
| Ventricular septal defects is most common congenital defect allows mixing of blood in the ventricles this can consist of | Left to right shunt which results in ventricular hypertrophy or right to left shunt which results in unoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated in systemic circulation resulting in cyanosis (a blue color to skin) |
| Respiratory components | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with alveoli, diaphragm and muscles surrounding the ribs |
| Respiration is controlled by the respiratory control center in | The medulla of the brain |
| Respiration supplies ______ to the body and eliminates _______ | Oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| External respiration refers to | Exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood through the alveoli |
| Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the | Blood and body cells |
| Upper airway passages function to | Warm, filter and moisten the air and are lined with cilia that trap debis and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs |
| Most of oxygen in the blood is bound to | Hemoglobin in the red blood cells |
| Inhalation requires the contraction of the diaphragm which | Enlarges the thoracic cavity and draws air into the lungs |
| Exhalation is a passive process during which | The lungs recoil as respiratory muscles relax and thorax decreases in size |
| Oxygen is released from the hemoglobin as the | Concentration fo oxygen decreases in the tissues |
| Most of the carbon dioxide is | Converted to carbonic anhydride with the RBC; because this reaction releases hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide is also a regulator of blood pH |
| Terminal components of the respiratory tract include | Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. |
| Muscles produce movement by contracting in response to | Nervous stimulation |
| Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of | Actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber; calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) must be present for the muscle cell to contract |
| Muscle cells consist of | Myofibrils which are made up of smaller units called sarcomeres |
| Voluntary muscles | Skeletal muscles which make up the muscular system and are under conscious control |
| Skeletal muscle work in pairs | The muscle that executes a movement is the prime mover (synergistic are other muscles that work with the primer), the muscle that produces the opposite movement is the antagonist |
| Flexor muscles flexors______ the angle of the joint while _______ i the angle | Decrease; increases |
| Nervous system consists of the | Brain, spinal cord, nerves and allows us to perceive the many changes in our internal and external environment and respond to those changes (seeing, hearing, tasting smelling and touching are examples of perception) |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Consist of the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Consists of nerves and their branches |
| Actions of the nervous system are dependent on transmission of nerve impulses over | Neurons (nerve cells) |
| Main parts of the neuron are cell body, dendrites which ______ and axons which ________; | transmit nerve impulse to the cell body; away from cell body |
| Sensory (afferent) Neurons | Transmits nerve impulses toward the CNS |
| Motor (efferent) neurons | Transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands and digestive organs |
| Major parts of brain are | Cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata |
| Cerebrum | Associated with movement and sensory input |
| Cerebellum | Responsible for muscular coordination |
| Medulla oblongata | Controls many vital functions, such as respiration and heart rate |
| Most reflex pathways involves to and from the brain in _______ and ________ tracts of the spinal cord | Ascending; descending |
| _______ pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord | 31 |
| Simple (spinal reflexes) are thos in which nerve impulses travel through the | Spinal cord only and do not reach the brain |
