| A | B |
|---|
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| CHROMOSOMES | compacted versions of chromatin |
| HAPLOID | 1 copy (N) of each chromosomes in gametes. Example: 23 chromosomes in humans |
| DIPLOID | 2 copies (2N) of each chromosome. Example: 46 chromosomes in humans |
| SOMATIC | referred to as diploid body cells since they make up most of body tissues and organ, DNA is not passed on |
| GAMETES | referred to as sex cells, haploid egg in females, haploid sperm in males, DNA is passed on |
| MEIOSIS | cell division resulting one cell dividing twice to form 4 haploid daughter cells |
| SEXUAL | two parents, genetic diversity as a result of meiosis |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| PROPHASE I | stage in which crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | matching chromosomes from each parent |
| ANAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes separate go from 2n to n |
| METAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes line up across the equatorial plate |
| PROPHASE II | 2ND division when spindle fibers form |
| MEIOSIS II | division that involves haploid number of chromosomes |
| MEIOSIS I | division that involves diploid number of chromosomes |
| crossing over | chromosomal segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes |
| METAPHASE II | 2nd division when chromosomes line up at equator |
| ANAPHASE II | 2nd division when chromosomes are pulled by apart by spindle fibers attached to centromeres |
| TELOPHASE II | 2nd division which forms 4 nuclei |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| polar bodies | form 3 as a result of meiosis in females, disintegrate |
| ovum | single gamete formed as a result of meiosis in females |
| TELOPHASE I | during this stage, there is a complete haploid set of chromosomes (but each chromosome still has two sister chromatids) |
| spermatogensis | meiosis resulting in production of sperm cells in males |
| oogenesis | meiosis resulting in production of ova (egg) cells in females |
| spermatids | gamete formed as a result of meiosis in males |
| ovum | always carries an X chromosome |
| spermatids | may carry an X or y chromosome |
| interkinesis | short intermediate stage between meiosis I and meiosis II |
| karyokinesis | division of the nucleus |
| tetrads | foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids |
| syngamy | fusion of two different cells in sexual reproduction |
| gametes | organisms reproductive cells |
