| A | B |
|---|
| Philip II | King of Spain, Netherlands & Spanish American colonies. |
| Absolute Monarch | A king or queen who has unlimited powers and seeks to control all aspects of society. |
| Divine Right | The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on Earth & answer only to God |
| Edict of Nantes | A 1598 declaration in which the French king, Henry IV, promised Protestants they could live in peace in France & set up houses of worship in some cities. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | He was in effect the ruler of France during the reign of Louis XIII. He was a strong minister and hardworking leader of the Catholic Church |
| Skepticism | Philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain. |
| Louis XIV | Most powerful ruler in French history who became king in 1643 at age 4 and boasted "I am the state". |
| Intendant | A French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes & administer justice. |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Minister of Finance in France serving Louis XIV who believed in theory of mercantilism & making France self-sufficient. |
| War of the Spanish Succession | A conflict lasting from 1701-1713 in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. |
| Thirty Years' War | A European conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling families in the 17th century. |
| Maria Theresa | Eldest daughter of Charles VI who came to rule Austria as Empress in the 1700s and faced years of wars. |
| Frederick the Great | Prussia ruler (1712-1786) who was aggressive in foreign affairs, encouraged religious toleration & legal reform. |
| Seven Years' War | A conflict in Europe, North America and India, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France & Russia |
| Ivan the Terrible | Came to the Russian throne in 1533 when he was 3 years old. He had good years from 1547-1560 & then ruled by terror after 1560. |
| Boyar | Russian Nobility |
| Peter the Great | Ruler of Russia & known as one of greatest Russian reformers. He lived from 1672-1725. |
| Westernization | Adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of European or American countries. |
| Charles I | English king who took the throne in 1625, fought Parliament in a Civil War, & was executed in 1649. |
| English Civil War | Conflict which lasted from 1642-49 in which Puritan supporters of Parliament fought the supporters of England's monarchy. |
| Oliver Cromwell | The Puritan General who led Parliament in the English Civil War & became ruler or Lord Protector in 1653 |
| Restoration | The period of Charles II's reign over England, after the collapse of Cromwell's government. |
| Habeas Corpus | a document requiring that prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal. |
| Glorious Revolution | The bloodless overthrown of the English king, James II, and his replacement by William and Mary. |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A system of governing in which the rulers power is limited by law. |
| Cabinet | A group of advisers or minsters chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions. |
