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| Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837); who as a general in the War of 1812 & defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America; signed the Indian Removal Act; and increased the presidential powers. |
| Jacksonian Democracy | Sought a stronger presidency and executive branch; and a weaker Congress. Out of |
| Universal Male Suffrage | Under Jackson; expanded the right to vote to all adult white males. |
| Nullification Crisis of 1832 | Political conflict between the U.S. government and the state of South Carolina concerning the right of states to void a federal laws believed to be unconstitutional. |
| Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals in the 1820s that aimed to attack social ills. Temperance; public education; and women's efforts to gain suffrage were all areas of reform that emerged from the religious focus of the period. |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration; this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. |
| Temperance Movement | A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. |
| Abolitionism | Movement to end slavery |
| Horace Mann | United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859). |
| Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky; who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System; a war hawk for the War of 1812; Speaker of the House of Representatives; and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. |
| American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank; high tariffs; and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. |
| Industrial Revolution | Social and economic reorganization that took place in the 1800s as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed |
| Erie Canal | Built between 1818 and 1825; opened up the West and allowed Westerners to get goods previously unattainable |
| Common School Movement | Social movement that hoped to create good citizens; unite society and prevent crime and poverty by promoting the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written. |
| Declaration of Sentiments | Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men. It was the grand basis of attaining civil; social; political; and religious rights for women. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott | Suffragettes who organized the first convention on women's rights; held in Seneca Falls; New York in 1848. Issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared men and women to be equal. |
| Eli Whitney | an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the antebellum South. The cotton gin made short staple cotton into a profitable crop; which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery. |
| Slavery | A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. |
| Frederick Douglass | Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Prominent American abolitionist; journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator"; and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| American Colonization Society | Called for the emancipation and transportation of freed slaves back to Africa to be settled in the new colony of Liberia.. |
| Grimke Sisters | were 19th-century American Quakers; educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. |
| The Liberator | An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition; both positive and negative; causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed. |
| Nat Turner | Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. |
