| A | B |
|---|
| nutrients | provide materials and energy for metabolic activities |
| nutrition | process by which organisms obtain food and break it down so it can be used for metabolism |
| minerals | chemical elements needed for normal functioning |
| carbs and starches | sugar for energy - 1st choice energy |
| fats and oils | 2nd choice energy - used in cell membranes |
| proteins | amino acids for growth, repair and maintenance |
| vitamins | coenzymes used to keep cell structures running smoothly |
| water | dissolves food, carries waste and cools off body |
| autotrophs | make their own food |
| chemotrophs | make their own food by causing chemical reactions to take place |
| phototrophs | rely on the sun to make their food |
| heterotrophs | must find their food from "ready-made" organic nutrients in plants or animals that eat plants |
| sugar storage | liver converts to glycogen - excess becomes fat |
| fat storage | yellow marrow or in sheets between muscles |
| protein storage | not stored - aa's to ammonia to urea to urine |
| absorption | process by which digested foods pass through cell membranes |
| digestion | process by which food molecules are broken down into smaller simpler forms physically and chemically |
| physical digestion | food broken down into smaller pieces |
| chemical digestion | food changed to a new form by enzymes |
| lysosome | organelle of digestion |
| alimentary canal | digestive tube with two openings (mouth and anus), food moves in 1 direction |
| digestive glands | specialized secretory glands that line the alimentary canal |
| salivary glands | mix liquid in with food (in mouth) with amylase |
| salivary amylase | breaks starch into simple sugars |
| esophagus | tube that connects pharynx to stomach |
| stomach | thick-walled muscular sac that expands, digests, and stores food temporarily |
| epiglottis | flap that closes off the respiratory tract when swallowing |
| sphincter | valve that controls the passing of food |
| vomitting | reverse peristalsis, food exits mouth from stomach |
| heartburn | sphincter relaxes and acid splashes the esophagus |
| gastric juice | breaks down starches and proteins; includes hydrochloric acid, pepsin and peptidase |
| pepsin | secretion to break down proteins in the stomach |
| ulcer | an unprotected region of the stomach or intestine that becomes irritated or inflammed |
| small intestine | coiled tube containing villi that stretches more than 6.5 m in legnth |
| lacteals | vessels of the lymphatic system found in the small intestine that absorbs lipids |
| villi | small finger-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine, to increase surface area and to absorb nutrients |
| large intestine | 1.5 m long tube; no digestion takes place here only the reabsorption of water |
| diarrhea | caused when too little water is absorbed by the large intestine |
| appendix | small pouch where food dows not pass; located at the end of the sm. intestine and beginning of the lrg intestine |
| appendicitis | infected or inflammed appendix |
| glycogen | animal starch; stored in the liver |
| essential amino acids | 8 of the 20 the body cannot make |
| fiber | undigestible plant matter |
| peristalsis | waves of relaxation and contraction that moves food thoroughout the digestive system |
| liver | produces bile to be sent to the gall bladder |
| bile | emulsifies fats |
| pancreas | secretes enzymes to break down starch, lipids and proteins |
