| A | B |
|---|
| Baker v Carr | reapportionment challenges are not political questions if brought under 14th Amendment; one person, one vote |
| Brown v Board of Education | ended legal segregation in schools |
| Citizens United v Federal Election Commission | made it illegal to limit ability of businesses, unions, and other groups to fund their own efforts to elect or defeat candidates for office |
| Engle v Vitale | school sanctioned prayer in public schools is unconstitutional |
| US v Nixon | limits the presidents use of executive privilege (right of president to withhold info from Congress or refuse to testify) |
| Gideon v Wainwright | in state trials, those who cannot afford an attorney will have one provided by the state |
| Lemon v Kurtzman | used to measure the constitutionality of state laws regarding freedom of religion |
| Marbury v Madison | established the principle of judicial review |
| McCulloch v Maryland | upheld National Supremacy over the states |
| McDonald v Chicago | struck down a handgun ban at the state level and strengthened right to keep and bear arms for self defense in your home |
| Miranda v Arizona | anyone arrested for a crime must be advised of right to remain silent and to have a lawyer |
| New York Times Co v US | strengthened freedom of the press even during times of national security (prior restraint) |
| Plessy v Ferguson | upheld separate but equal segregation in 1896 |
| Roe v Wade | recognized the constitutional right to privacy for women to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy |
| Schenck v US | speech is not protected during wartime if it creates a clear and present danger |
| Shaw v Reno | legislative redistricting must be mindful of race and in compliance with Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| Tinker v Des Moines School District | wearing black armbands in protest of Vietnam War was symbolic speech and protected by 1st Amendment |
| US v Lopez | 1990 Gun Free School Zone Act violates the Constitution; Congress abused power granted using Commerce Clause |
| Wisconsin v Yoder | Amish children cannot be required to attend public school beyond 8th grade due to violating freedom of religion |
| Writ of certiorari | order by the court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review |
| amicus curiae brief | friend of the court; interested groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting or rejecting arguments of the case |
| bills of attainder | finding a person guilty of a crime without a trial; is prohibited under the Constitution |
| brief orders | returning a case to a lower court because a similar case was recently decided |
| certificate | a lower court asks the Supreme Court about a rule of law or procedure |
| exclusionary rule | evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized |
| precedent | standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes |
| Title 9 | federal law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in any education program or activity that is federally funded |
| writ of habeas corpus | requires a judge to evaluate whether there is sufficient cause to keep a person in jail |
