| A | B |
|---|
| ** A type of grouping that excludes some members that share a common ancestor with members that are included in the taxon. | Paraphyletic p408,  |
| * In classification, the taxonomy category above class (less specific than class) is called ______. | phylum p402 |
| ** ____ is a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. | systematics (Taxonomy is very similar to systematics. However, taxonomy doesn't concern itself with determining evolutionary relationships, only with naming organisms, maintaining collections, describing differences, and making sure that two groups of organisms are actually different species) p402 |
| * In classification, the taxonomic category above genus (less specific than genus) is called _____. | family p402 |
| * An evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of the genome evolve at constant rates. | Molecular clock p413 |
| * In classification, the taxonomic category above family (less specific than family) is called _____. | order p402 |
| ** A type of grouping in which taxa are grouped together without linking them to an ancestral form. | polyphyletic p408,  |
| * A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' binomial scientific Latin name. | genus p402 |
| * In classification, the taxonomic category above order (less specific than order) is called _____. | class p402 |
| ** A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships is called a(n) _____. | phylogenetic tree p403 |
| * An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade is called a(n) _____. | shared derived character p409 |
| * The taxonomic category above the kingdom level (less specific than kingdom) is called _____. | domain p402 |
| * When writing a scientific name, what is capitalized and what font style is used? | Only the first letter of the genus name is capitalized. Italics are used for all letters. p402 |
| * The scientific name is composed of the organisms ______ name and _____ name. | genus and species name p402 |
| * Felis catus and Felis concolour belong to the same ____. | They belong to the same genus, but not species. (Since they belong to the same genus, they automatically belong to the same family, order, class, phylum, kingdom and domain also.) p402 |
| * Put the following terms in order from largest group to smallest as far as the number of species that belong to each: Class, Domain, Family, Genus, Kingdom, Order, Phylum, Species, | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Remember the phrase, "Did King Phillips court order fresh grilled salmon?") p402 |
| * A genus is composed of a number of related ____. | species p402 |
| * Cat is a(n) _______ name that is different from country to country or language to language but Felis catus is a _______ name that is used by all scientists throughout the world. | common, scientific p402 |
| * What genus does Ursus maritimus belong in? | Ursus (the first part of a scientific name is always the name of the genus to which the organism belongs) p402 |
| * Homo sapien belongs to which species? | sapien (the second name of the scientific name is always the species name to which the organism belongs) p402 |
| * The animals Panthera leo (lion) and _____ tigris (tiger) belong to the same genus. | Panthera p402 |
| ** ______ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. | Phylogeny p401 |
| * Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait is called _____. | analogy p406 |
| ** The principle of _____ states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. | maximum parsimony (This principle is also called "Occam's razor") p411 |
| ** A type of grouping in which the taxon includes all species derived from a single ancestral species. | Monophyletic p408,  |
| ** All prokaryotes used to be classified in the same kingdom, called _____, but now are separated at the domain level into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. | Monera p415 |
| * A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants is called a(n) _____. | clade p407 |
| * Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry is called ____. | homology (Homologies can be broken into both molecular and morphological homologies) p406 |
| ** The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life is called _____. | taxonomy p402 |
| * The second broadest taxonomic category after domain is called _____. | kingdom p402 |
| ** Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor (that is also NOT shared by any other group), and are therefore each other's closest relatives, are considered to be in _____ taxa. | sister p403,  |
| ** The points where lineages diverge in a phylogenetic tree are called ____ points. | branch p403, |
| ** _____ refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group, and hence, lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the entire group. | Basal taxon p405, |
| ** Another name for the "principle of maximum parsimony" is ____. | Occam's razor (This principle states that the simplest explanation is most likely to be the correct explanation) p411, |
| * Similarities in structure due to similar natural selection pressures instead of common ancestry are called analogies and are due to ______ evolution. | convergent p406,  |
| * Homologies (phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry) may look quite different from each other due to ____ evolution. | divergent p406 (It doesn't explicitly mention divergent evolution in this version of the book anymore, but you should know this) |
| ** An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common ancestry. | cladistics p407 |
| ** A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is NOT a member of that clade. | shared ancestral character (For example, a backbone is a shared ancestral character of all mammals, but is not a shared derived character because it is found in lineages that predate the divergence of mammals, like fish) p408 |
| ** A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. This group is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study group members are to each other. | outgroup p409 |
| ** A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine. | ingroup p409 |
| * Name the three domains and label each as being either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. | Archaea (prokaryotic), Bacteria (prokaryotic), Eukarya (eukaryotic) p415 |
| * Which prokaryotic domain seems to be most closely related to the Eukarya based on molecular studies? | Archaea (Analysis of other genes however suggest that the domain bacteria might be more closely related to Eukarya. For example, genes that influence metabolism in yeast are more similar to those in the domain Bacteria. To further complicate matters, horizontal gene transfer between domains early on make it difficult to know where genes originated from) p415 |
| ** From which domain are chloroplasts and mitochondria thought to have originated from? | Bacteria p415 (See the "Make Connections" question at the bottom of figure 20.21) |
| * _____ is the process by which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as viral infection, exchange of transposable elements or plasmids, and perhaps even the fusion of organisms. | Horizontal gene transfer (It appears that there may have been horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and early eukaryotic organisms) p416 |
