| A | B |
|---|
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| a or an | non or not |
| bio | life |
| logy | study of |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| endo | inner, inside |
| auto | self |
| hyper | above, over |
| hypo | below, under |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| hetero | different, other |
| hydro | water |
| synthesis | to make/put together |
| photo | light |
| lys | breakdown |
| plasm | form |
| homo | same, alike |
| GROWTH | increase in the number of cells |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of cell division when chromosomes first appear as sister chromatids |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| PROPHASE | phase of cell division when the nuclear envelope disappears |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| PROPHASE | begins when centrioles reach the poles during cell division |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | completes the cell cycle after division by dividing the cytoplasm |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| TELOMERES | a compound structure at the end of a chromosome. |
| SPINDLE FIBERS | microscopic protein structures which help divide genetic material during cell division. |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes |
| CHROMATIN | The relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus |
| SISTER CHROMATID | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides centromere |
| SPINDLE APPARATUS | moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division |
| CANCER | uncontrolled cell growth |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death |
| CARCINOGEN | an agent that causes cancer |
| STEM CELL | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| cellular organisational level between cells and a complete organ | TISSUE |
| functional grouping that makes up organs | TISSUE |
| grouping of similar type cells that perform a specific function | TISSUE |
| classification of tissue that carries out movement by contraction | MUSCLE TISSUE |
| classification of tissue composed of neural and glial cells that serves the body by carrying signals (messages) throughout | NERVE TISSUE |
| type of tissue that serves as a covering of internal and external surfaces | EPITHELIAL TISSUE |
| type of tissue that provides support for the body and attaches parts of the body together (ie: bone, fat, blood) | CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
| a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced | BONE MARROW |
| The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. | SKELETAL SYSTEM |
| connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. | JOINT OR ARTICULATION |
| organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. | MUSCLE SYSTEM |
| the principal involuntary-muscle tissue of the vertebrate heart made up of striated fibers joined at usually branched ends and functioning in synchronized rhythmic contraction | CARDIAC MUSCLE |
| striated muscle that is under the control of the will and is generally attached to the skeleton | VOLUNTARY MUSCLE |
| a muscle without striations that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels | INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE |
| muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils in the cells are aligned in parallel bundles, so that their different regions form stripes visible in a microscope. | STRIATED MUSCLE |
| having the form of thin layers or sheets made up of spindle-shaped, unstriated cells with single nuclei | SMOOTH MUSCLE |
| a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. | LIGAMENTS |
| fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone OR attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball | TENDONS |
| set of organs that forms the external covering of the body and protects it from many threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault and radiation damage | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN) |
| the outer layer of the skin made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | EPIDERMIS |
| the fibrous protein that makes skin waterproof and keeps it strong, also found in hair and nails | KERATIN |
| the system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| a muscular passage connecting the mouth or pharynx with the stomach in invertebrate and vertebrate animals | ESOPHAGUS |
| system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body | CIRCULATORY SYSTEM |
| set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
| any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange. | ALVEOLI / AVEOLUS |
| either of the two primary divisions of the trachea that lead respectively into the right and the left lung | BRONCHI / BRONCHUS |
| eliminates waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH | EXCRETORY OR URINARY OR RENAL SYSTEM |
| system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs | NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| complex set of neurons that mediate internal homeostasis without conscious intervention or voluntary control. | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| efers to all the neurons (and their supporting cells, or glia) of the body outside the brain and spinal cord | PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| chemically controls the various functions of cells, tissues, and organs through the secretion of hormones | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
| A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. | HORMONES |
| system of organs and parts which function to produce sex cells in order to carry on the life of a species | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
| system with bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow | SKELETAL SYSTEM |
| system with tendons, diaphragm, heart, biceps, triceps | MUSCLE SYSTEM |
| system with mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| system with kidney, bladder, urethra, liver, skin | EXCRETORY OR URINARY OR RENAL SYSTEM |
| system with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves | NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| system with heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood, white blood cells | CIRCULATORY SYSTEM |
| system with nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
| system with pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thymus, adrenal glands, thyroid | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
| a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight. | MELANIN |
| carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to other parts of the body | ARTERIES |
| carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart | VEINS |
| large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing; when it is contracted oxygen is inhaled, and when it is relaxed carbon dioxide is exhaled | DIAPHRAGM |
| A group of two or more organs working together for a specific job; | ORGAN SYSTEMS |
| Another name for the Circulatory System | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
| Includes grinding or chewing your food when you eat | MECHANICAL DIGESTION |
| Changes the composition of food by breaking it down such as with stomach acids | CHEMICAL DIGESTION |
| part of the brain where intelligence, learning, judgement center, and responsible for voluntary movement | CEREBRUM |
| the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord; controls balance | CEREBELLUM |
| place where involuntary actions like blood pressure heart rate, breathing , swallowing | BRAIN STEM |
| Organs: Lymph vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, white blood cells, thymus, antibodies, macrophage Function: Carries excess tissue fluid to blood. | LYMPHATIC (IMMUNE) SYSTEM |
| these parts of the body work together to carry out the major body functions. -Organelles-->Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Organ Systems-->Whole Organisms. | ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY |
| homozygous | alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | when the genotype includes both a dominant and a recessive allele |
| genotype | symbols used to represent the alleles of an organism |
| phenotype | written description of the trait we observe in an organism |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| mutation | sudden change in structure or amount of DNA |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| genetic engineering | manipulation of DNA to produce changes in an organism |
| gene therapy | replacement of defective genes by transferring normal genes into cells that lack them |
| genome | all of the genes possessed by an organism |
| monogenic | alterations to a single gene pair |
| polygenic | alterations to multiple genes |
| chromosomal | alterations to chromosomes...may be classified as autosomal or sex |
| Down's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy of male sex chromosome |
| Turner's syndrome | chromosomal....single sex chromosome-female |
| sickle cell anemia | monogenic ...results in miss shaped blood cells |
| cystic fibrosis | monogenic/recessive...results in the over production of mucus in the lungs andi intestines |
| Law of Dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid. |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| monohybrid | crossing of one trait |
| dihybrid | crossing of two traits |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| complete dominance | Bb |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| sex linked trait | A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| x linked sex linked (male) | X^C y |
| antibody | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Rh factor | protein on the surface of the Red blood cell. |
| agglutinogen | stimulate the formation of agglutinin |
| agglutinin | antibodies generating by our immune system against antigens. |
| agglutinin | substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state. |
