| A | B |
|---|
| An institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. | government |
| A group of people who live in a defined territory tha is organized politically | state |
| A theory that holds that the state was gcreated by God and that God gave tthose of royal birth the right to rule | Divine Right Theory |
| A theory that holds that people agree to give up power to the state to promote the well-being of all | social contract |
| The evolutionary theory of the origins of the state emphasizes what? | family |
| What is the believe of the Social Contract Theory? | when people agreed to give up power to the state to promote the general well-being. |
| Where lies the power in a unitary government? | In a central authority such as parliament. |
| What is the principal characteristic of a presidential form of government? | the executive and legislative branches each can check the actions of the other branch. |
| What is a typical way for a dictator to gain power? | by force. |
| What term describes a system where a dictator holds authority over nearly every aspect of life? | Totalitarian. |
| If no government exists there is ... | anarchy |
| The people themselves,rather than represenatives, make governmental policies and laws in | direct democracy |
| Under what kind of system must the executive resigne if defeated by the legislature on an important issue. | Parliamentary government |
| Decisions made by the merger of differing viewpoints. | compromise |
| A group of independent states united, but still maintain their sovereignty | Confederation |
| to be both accountable to the people and manageable, most democratic governments rely on a system called | Representative democracy |
| All political poers in a state are concentrated at the central leverl under which form of government? | unitary |
| How is the president chosen in a presidential form of government | The executive (president) is chosen indirectly by the people. |
| What philosophy of the state would Locke, Hobbes,a nd Rousseau belong to? | The state exists to serve the will of the people. |
| What is the social contract? | The state exists to serve the will of the people. |
| All those things a government decides to do. | What is public policy? |
| A body of people, living in a defined territory, organized politically... | What is a state? |
| Land with recognized boundaries. | What is territory? |
| The supreme and absolute power within its own territory. | What is sovereign? |
| One person or group claimed control over an area and pressured everyone to submit to their rule. | What is the Force Thgeory? |
| Know the six purposes of the Constitution. | more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tanquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the blessings of liberty |
| a government in which thepowers are divided between a central government and several local governments. | Federal government |
| In this form of government a supreme political authority rests with the people. | A democracy |
| Total absence of government | Anarchy |
| Our nation's birthday | Fourth of July |
| Colonists who had the most influence on our government | The English |
| The English saw a need for structure in government | What is ordered government. |
| The government is not all powerful | limited government |
| The document that started the idea of limited government | Magna Carta |
| It limited the king's power by demanding that the king not imprison political critics. | The Petition of Right |
| It prohibited a standing army in peacetime, except with the consent of Parliament | English Bill of Rights. |
| A written grant of authority from the king to establish a colony | Charter |
| These colonies were subject to the direct control of the king | What are Royal Colonies? |
| A legislature having two houses | bicameral |
| What controled the English governors in the colonies. | The power of the purse |
| The king had made a grant of land to a specific person | What is a proprietary colony |
| A legislature with one house | Unicameral |
| The most independent type of colonies | What are Charter Colonies. |
| First colonial settlement in America | What is Jamestown? |
| Why the colonists opposed King George's taxes | "taxation without representation." |
| A league of friendship for defense against the Native Americans | New England Confederation |
| Why did the New England Confederation die? | As the Indian threat died, so did the confederation |
| The main purpose was to disscuss the problems of colonial trade | The Albany Plan |
| who led the Albany Plan? | Ben Franklin |
| The law required the use of tax stamps on all legal documents | The Stamp Act. |
| Which group of people represented the largest amount of immigrants in the 1600's | English |
| The first known written book of laws | Hammurabi's Code |
| English set up government based on these ideas. | Rule of Law |
| An orderly regulation with one another | Ordered Government |
| Baron of England forced King John to signing of this document | Magna Carta |
| Which were John Locke's natural rights | Life, liberty, and property |
| What kind of document was need by the English to establish a colony? | Charter |
| What was the most common type of colony? | Royal colony |
| The type of colony that was most independent | Proprietary colonies |
| What influenced self-government in the colonies? | The distance between England and the colonies. |
| Which English ruler tightened the reigns of the American colonies with heavy taxation? | King George III |
| The act that showed refusal to buy English products | boycott |
| The "shot heard around the world" was | The beginning of the American Revolution |
| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence | Thomas Jefferson |
| Who was the father of the Constitution? | James Madison |
| Formal approval by the states of an amendment | Ratification |
| Our first legal list of laws | The Articles of confederation |
| What was a major weakness of the Articles of Confederation? | Weak central government |
| The group of delegated who came to write a new constitution was known as | Framers |
| The original intention of the Philadelphia Convention was | To revise the Articles of Confederation |
| The Philadelphia Convention became... | The Constitutional Convention |
| This plan supported a unicameral system with equal representation | The New Jersey Plan |
| The "Great Compromise" is also known as | The Connecticut Compromise |
| This plan supported a bicameral system, with representation by population | The Virginia Plan |
| Who was the subject of of the 3/5 compromise | Slaves |
| What would determine the ratification of the Constitution? | Article VII of the Constitution |
| What was the requirement for ratification of the Constitution? | 3/4 of the States or 9 States |
| The delegates who supported the Constitution were known as | Federalists |
| Those who opposed the Constitution were known as | Anti-federalists |
| Why did some oppose the Constitution | The absence of mention of God; increased power of the central government; the lack of Bill of Rights |
| The power of the courts to decide whether government acts are constitutional | judicial review |
| government that is conducted according to constitutional principles | constitutionalism |
| the division of power between a central government and several regional governments | federalism |
| a governmental system having basic political pwers distributed among three distinct and independent branches | spearation of powers |
| illegal, null and viod, of no force and effect | unconstitutional |
| Which principle holds that government may do only those things that the people have give it power to do? | limited government |
| Each branch is subject to a number of restraints by the other branches | checks and balances |
| Which constitutional principle applies when the president vetoes a bill | Checks and Balances |
| Changes or additions that become part of the written Constitution | Formal amendments |
| How many times has our Constitution been changed? | 27 Times |
| An amendment may be foramlly proposed ONLY by | Congress or national conventions |
| Which method of amending the Constitution has been the most commonly used? | Congress porposes, State legislature ratifies. |
| Changes in the Constitution that do not lead to changes in teh written document | informal amendment |
| advisory board to the President | cabinet |
| pact made by a President with heads of a foreign state | executive agreement |
| What is an informal process to amend the Constitution? | congressional legislation (Congress makes laws) |
| What custom was added to the written as an amendment/ | No third term for Presidents |
| A reason a President uses informal executive agreements with heads of foreign states instead of a formal treaty/ | Does not require Senate approval |
| Know the three branches of government | Legislative, executive, judicial |
| How many Senators are there? | 100 |
| How many Representatives are there? | 435 |
| what is the Seante and House of Representative called? | Congress |
| What is the job of the legislative branch? | To make laws |
| For a politician to wear working clothes in an ad would be an example of... | Plain Folks |
| Using words like God, glory, patriotism are examples of | glittering generalities |
| Half-truths, telling only one side of the story | card-stacking |
| Identifying with a group or product | Bandwagon |
| Use of symbols such as American flag, eagle, Statue of Liberty | Transfer |
| Sticking a negative label to a candidate | name-calling |
| Having a well-recognized individual supporting a candidate | Testimonial |
| powers reasonably thought to be granted, but not spelled out specifically, in the Constitution | implied powers |
| powers granted to the National Government in the Cosntitution | delegated powers |
| powers that belong to the National Government because it is a sovereign state | inherent powers |
| powers spelled out in the Constitution | expressed powers |
| powers possessed and exercised by both National and Satte governments | concurrent powers |
| Another name for the "necessary and Proper Clause"is | The Elastic Clause |
| According to the Supremacy Clause, what is the correct order of the "ladder of laws"? | U.S. Constitution, Acts of congress, treaties State constitutions, State statutes, local laws |
| In the american federal system, city and county governments are really | subunits of State governments. |
| Congressional law agreeing to granting Statehood | act of admission |
| federal money given to States or other local governments with fewer-than-usual strings attached | block grants |
| federal money or other resources given to Sattes or other local governments | grant-in-aid program |
| Congressional act taht directs the framing of a proposed State constitution | enabling act |
| Why was the republican-form guarantee used extensively after the Civil War? | becasue States rentering the Union needed to demonstrate that their laws recognized the voting and other rights of African Americans Uni |
| agreement among the Sattes | interstate compact |
| the legal process by which a fugitive from justice of one State is returned by another State | extradition |
| State to which an accused person has fled | assylum State |
| to respect the validity of | Full Faith and Credit |
| interstate citizenship is another way of saying | Privileges and Immunities Clause |
| What is an example of following a compact approved by all 50 States? | Compact for Supervision of Parolees and Probationers |
| Those powers hedld by the Sates, not granted specifically to the National Governments by the Constitution | exclusive power |
| Which of the following powers can the National Government legally exercise? | expressed, implied, and inherent powers |
| Powers that are exercised simultaneously by the National and the State Governemts are | concurrent powers |
| States must honor the legality of one another's laws because of the | Full Faith and Credit Clause |
| What does the Supremacy Clause do? | It establishes the Constitution as the highest law of the land |
| In the State admission process, proposed State constitutions must be | approved by the voters |
| National government compensation for federal land in States | Lulu payments |
| The State provide aid to the national Government by | naturalizing aliens. |
| The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution provides that | State laws and court decisions must generally be honored by other States |
| Who is the President of the United States? | George W. Bush |
| Who is the Vice President of the U.S. | Dick Cheney |
| Which court exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction? | The Supreme Court |
| A federal officer who makes arrests, secures jurors, and serve legal papers | U.S. Marshall |
| About 80% of all cases are heard... | heard in district courts |
| The one who begins a suit | plaintiff |
| Cases that can be heard either in federal or State courts have this kind of jurisdiction | Concurrent |
| The federal courts can hear and decide cases on the basis of | topic (subject matter) or the type of people |
| The Supreme Court is also called High Court mainly | it is the uppermost court in the nation's judical system |
| What do we call it when all twelve circuit court judges meet on one case? | en banc |
| Redress means | satisfaction of a claim |
| What does jusrisdiction directly limt? | Who may decide the case |
| What should I know about a federal judge | serve for life, are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, do not have to be a lawyer |
| What is the job of the Grand Jury? | Decide if there should be an indictment |
| What can be said about special courts | They hear a much narrower range of cases. (Tax courts, Veterans court...etc. |
| How many judges are there on the Supreme Court? | 9-One chief justice, and eight associates. |
| Who is the Supreme Court Chief Justice? | Rehnquist |
| What determines the length of term of a federal judge? | The Constitution |
| Cases that can only be heard in federal courts have this kind of jurisdiction | exclusive |
| Why was the court of appeals established? | To take some of the load off of the Supreme Court |
| What does a U.S. Magistrate do? | try some cases concerning minor offenses, issues arrest warrants, sets bail. |
| What established the national court system/ | The Constitution, Article III |
| The type of government that possesses only those powers given to or by the people. | limited government |
| What part of the Constitution says that people have rights other than those listed in the Constitution? | 9th Amendment |
| The Bill of Rights apply only to this level of government. | National government |
| What part of the Constitution "nationalizes" the Bill of Rights?f Righs | The Due Process Clause in the 14th Amendment |
| What did the Framers believe was the main purpose of government? | Protect the rights of citizens |
| How do dictatorships differ from democracies? | They exercise unlimited power. |
| One right that is guaranteed to citizens but not to aliens is the right to | travel freely |
| The 9th amendment protects | individual rights not listed in the Constitution |
| What prohibits Congress from mandating a state religion? | The Establishment Clause |
| What subject may not be prohibited from being taught in classrooms | Evolution |
| What grounds did the Court decide that Amish parent need not obey compulsory education laws? | Free Exercise Clause |
| An arranged program in public schools to allow students to attend private religious classes. | Release time |
| What was the subject of most of the Court's Establishment Clause decisions. | public an dporchial (religious) schools |
| How does the Court support on a "moment of silence'? | It doesn't |
| How has the Court ruled on prayer in State legislatures? | It is persmissible. |
| When can tax exemption status be taken away from a religious organization? | When it practices racial discrimination. |
| What is a three-pronged standard used by the Supreme Couert to determine a reglisous case. | The Lemon Test |
| What are the components of the three-pronged test? | Is the purpose of aid secular? The aid must not have the effect of advancing or inhibiting religio. The aid must avoid excessive government entanglement. |
| A newspaper article falsely accusing a public official of a crime is known as | libel |
| Malicious talk about an individual , which could hurt their status in the community is | slander. |
| Supreme Court has held that reporters | may be protected from revealing their sources only through an act of Congress or the State Legislatures. |
| What kind of media is most restricted under federal regulations in regards to free speech | TV and radio |
| How does the Court feel about prior restraint? | It is unconstitutional except in cases where publication threatens national security or public order. |
| Causing people to resist to police whould be known as | sedition |
| Positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all | civil rights |
| Those right given to people that cannot be taken away by the government is known as | civil liberties. |
| What should you know about civil rights? | Each person's rights are relative to the rights of others; rights sometimes conflict with one another; some rights may be limited in wartime. |
| Without freedom of expression | democracy could not exist |
| What does the Establishment Clause allow? | Leave church property untaxed; provide public funds for some uses in church-related schools; exercise control over public, seasonal displays. |
| The government can limit free speechor free press if the communication | libels or slanders another person |
| The supreme Court has applied much of the Bill of Rights to _____ through application of the ______Amendment | the States, 14th |
| The States' police poewr is defined as the right to | protect public health, safety, morals and general welfare. |
| Oregon law requiring compulsory school attendance was unconstituional thus upholding the concept of | substantive due process |
| Since the 1980's the supreme Court has | upheld State laws that imposed tougher controls over when abotions may be performed. |
| The 13th Amendment banned | slavery and involuntary servitude. |
| The 2nd Amendment protects the right of each State | to keep a militia |
| Today, police need to get a search warrant before they | search the home of a person suspected of criminal activity |
Om tje case pf | the exclusionary rule applies to the States as well as the federal government | |
| The major rule the Supreme Court applies in wiretapping cases is that | Wiretaps may only be used under the supervision of teh courts. |
| The Speedy Trial Act of 1974 says that | an accused person must be tried within 100 days. |
| Know this about the Grand Jury | proceedings are secret; the system is intended to protect citizens from eager prosecutors |
| If a woman is tried for murder and the jury cannot decide on a verdict, the law says that | she can be retried on the same charge because a hung jury does not constitute jeopardy. |
| In the case of Gideon vl Wainwright, 1963, the court ruled that | the State must appoint an attorney to represent any defendant who cannot affor to hire one. |
| The Miranda Rule states that | police must inform suspects of their rights before they begin to question them. |
| writ of habeas corpus | it is intended to prevent unjust arrests and imprisonments |
| ex post facto law | a retroactive law, someone would be charged with something they did while it was legal, but no longer is. |
| bill of attainder | A legislative act that inflicts punishment without a court trial. |
| presentment | a formal accusation brought by the grand jury |
| probable cause | Used as an exception to a search warrant, if their is reasonable grounds for a search. |
| exclusionary rule | Evidence gained as a result of an illegal act by police, cannot be used against the person from whom it was taken. |
| bench trial | the judge alone hears the case. Defendant must waive a jury trial |
| self-incrimination | Protected by the 5th Amendment. don't have to testify against yourself |
| Bail | A sum of money that the accused may be required to post (deposit with the court) as a guarantee that he will appear in court. |
| Preventive detention | Federal judges can oder that an accused felon be held, without bail, when there is reason to believe that the pwerson may, yet commit another crime. |
| 8th Amendment | Cruel and unusual punishment |
| capital puinishment | Death penalty |
| Treason- only crime defined in the Constitution. | levying war against the United States, or helping the enemey,giving aid and comfort |
| conviction of treason | must have the testimony of two witnesses to same overt act., or an confession in court. |
| More about treason | Can only be charged during war-time. No one has been executed for it. |
| Lawyers who help people who need legal assistance | Public Defender |
