| A | B |
|---|
| Grant's victory at Vicksburg | Split the South in the two and opened the way for Sherman's invasion of Georgia. |
| The large Northern human-resources advantage | Enabled Northern generals to wear down Southern armies, even at eh cost of many lives |
| South Carolina's assault on Fort Sumter | Unified the North and made it determined to preserve the Union by military force |
| The North's naval blockade and industrial superiority | Eventually gave the Union a crucial economic advantage over the nonindustrial South |
| Charles Francis Adam's | Deterred the British and French from recognizing and aiding the Confederacy |
| Lincoln's first call for troops to suppress the "rebellion" | Caused four more Upper South states to secede and join the Confederacy |
| Lincoln's careful use of moral suasion, politics, and military force | Kept the Border State in the Union |
| The British aristocracy's sympathy with the South | Led the British government toward actions that aided the Confederacy and angered the Union |
| The class-biased unfairness of the Civil War draft | Led to riots by underprivileged Northern whites, especially Irish-Americans |
| Lincoln's belief that the Civil War emergency required drastic action | Led to temporary infringements on civil liberties and Congress's Constitutional powers |
