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| Academic language proficiency | Refers to the level of language proficiency students need to successfully comprehend and perform grade-level academic tasks. This term is problematic, however, because the level of proficiency needed varies widely and depends on the tasks and the language demands. |
| Communicative competence | The ability to use a language to communicate effectively and apprropriately with other speakers of the language. Includes grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence |
| discourse/Discourse | discourse with (lower-case d) refers to language in use or connected stretches of language that make sense, such as conversations, stories, reports, arguments and essays. Discourse (with upper-case D) is made up of distinctive ways of speaking/listening, and also often writing/reading, coupled with distinctive ways of acting, interacting, valuing... |
| genre | In systemic functional linguistics theory, a goal-directed activity to achieve a particular cultural purpose, such as the creation of a particular kind of text through deliberate lexical and grammatical choices that make it the kind of text that it is |
| lexicon | The vocabulary of a language |
| morphology | The sudy of the structure of words. The central unit of study is the morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function. |
| phonology | The study of the sound systems of languages |
| pragmatics | The study of language in use, that is, how individuals produce and interpret language in social interaction in specific contexts. |
| register | Variation in the use of language based on the context in which the language is used. |
| semantics | The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. |
| syntax | The study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences. |
| translanguaging | In its original conceptualization, refers to the practice in which bilinguals receive information in one language and then use or apply it in the other language. |
