| A | B |
|---|
| NUCLEOTIDES | subunits of nucleic acids that consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| DOUBLE HELIX | a twisted ladder shape formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other |
| NUCLEOSOME | this is formed by the phosphate groups in DNA which create a negative charge, which attracts the DNA to the positively charged histone proteins |
| SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION | parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one new strand of DNA |
| DNA POLYMERASE | the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand |
| OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS | the lagging strand which is synthesized discontinuously in to small segments |
| RNA | contains the sugar ribose, the base uracil, and is single stranded |
| MESSENGER RNA | long strands of RNA that are formed complimentary to the DNA. They travel from the nucleus to the ribosome to direct protein synthesis |
| RIBOSOMAL RNA | the type of RNA that forms ribosomes |
| TRANSFER RNA | small segments of RNA that transport amino acids using the anticodon |
| TRANSCRIPTION | the process that creates a strand of RNA from DNA |
| RNA POLYMERASE | an enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis, binds to a specific section where a mRNA will be synthesized |
| INTRON | intervening sequences in DNA (blank pages) |
| EXONS | the coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA |
| CODON | the three base code in DNA or mRNA |
| TRANSLATION | the process where the code is read and translated to make a protein |
| GENE REGULATION | the ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment |
| OPERON | a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway |
| TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS | proteins that ensure that a gene is used at the right time and that proteins are made in the right amounts |
| DIFFERENTIATION | the process through which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| MUTATION | permanent changes that occur in a cell's DNA |
| POINT MUTATION | involve chemical changes in just one base pair and can be enough to cause a genetic disorder |
| SUBSTITUTION | a point mutation in which one base is exchanged for another |
| MISSENSE MUTATION | a mutation where the DNA code is altered so that it codes for the wrong amino acid |
| NONSENSE MUTATION | a mutation that changes the codon for an amino acid to a stop codon |
| INSERTION | additions of nucleotides to the DNA sequence |
| FRAMESHIFT MUTATION | mutations that change the "frame" of the amino acid sequence |
| FRAGILE X SYNDROME | many extra repeated CGG units near the end of x chromosomes |
