| A | B |
|---|
| Louis Armstrong | Most influential jazz trumpet player, invented Swing, Scat singing, nicknamed Pops |
| Duke Ellington | Greatest Jazz composer, played Jungle music on the piano, 1st band to be on the radio |
| Herbert Hoover | President at beginning of Great Depression & stock market crash, was blamed & fun of for the Depression |
| Speakeasies | Secret bars & taverns where alcohol was served in Prohibition |
| Prohibition | Time of the 18th Amendment, Illegal to make, sell, consume alcohol |
| New Deal | Program by FDR to get country out of Great Depression |
| FDR | 32nd President, created New Deal, president when WWII started |
| TVA | Damned up Tennessee Valley to control flooding, provide irrigation, lasting legacy of FDR’s New Deal |
| Hiroshima/Nagasaki | Only two cities to be targets of an atomic bomb |
| Dust Bowl | Nickname of the Midwest during 1930’s because it was so dry |
| Shantytowns | Homeless villages made out of cardboard, plywood, rusted out cars |
| Social Security Act | Welfare for the retired, part of FDR's New Deal |
| Soup Kitchens/Breadlines | Where food was provided to the poor during the Depression |
| Pearl Harbor | Dec. 7th, 1941, Japanese surprise attack on U.S. |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of Nazi Germany |
| Allies | Winning side of WWII, U.S., Great Britain, France, Soviet Union |
| Axis Powers | Alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan during WWII |
| Fascism | Form of government used by Hitler, Mussolini in WWII |
| Fat Man & Little Boy | The two nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
| Credit | The act of borrowing money & agreeing to pay off later for a purchase |
| Harlem Renaissance | Time of cultural rebirth for African Americans |
| Flappers | Young women of the 1920's who liked to party |
| Bootleggers | Those who made illegal alcohol and transported it during Prohibition |
| Prohibition | Time when it was illegal to make, sell, consume alcohol |
| Speakeasies | Secret nightclubs where Jazz was played and alcohol served |
| Black Tuesday | The day that the stock market crashed in 1929 |
| Social Security | New Deal program that helped out the retired & elderly |
| AAA | New Deal program that helped farmers raise crop prices |
| FDIC | New Deal program that helped insure people's money in banks |
| Mussolini | Dictator of Italy, believed in Fascism |
| Neutrality Acts | Laws passed by Congress to keep the US out of a war |
| Atlantic Charter | Agreement between FDR & British on how to fight WWII & defeat Hitler |
| North African Campaign | Battle against Germans in the desert, allowed US to attack Italy next |
| Italian Campaign | Was the invasion of the "Soft-underbelly" of Europe, & diverted troops from France |
| Battle of the Bulge | Hitler's last attack on Western Front, he loses men, tanks & never wins again |
| Concentration Camps | Where Jews & other targets of Nazis lived and were forced to work |
| Holocaust | Name for systematic killing of 11 million people, including 6 million Jews |
| Battle of Midway | Turning point of the war against Japan, Japan lost 4 carriers |
| Iwo Jima | Deadly island fought for control of airfields to use by US bombers |
| Nativism | Idea that it is important to protect the rights/freedoms/interests of native-born citizens over immigrants |
| Communism | Political & Economic idea of Soviet Union-state controls all property |
| Anarchists | People opposed to any form of government |
| Sacco & Vanzetti | Anarchists who were wrongly convicted of murder |
| Quota System | Determined the # of immigrants allowed into US from each country |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff | 1920's law that protected American farmers by taxing imports |
| Warren G. Harding | 1st President of 1920's, corrupt admin, died in office |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | Secret leasing of rights of oil reserves by the Ohio Gang to their business friends |
| Installment Plan | Where monthly/yearly payments are set up to pay off a purchase |
| Ohio Gang | Corrupt group of politicians under Harding presidency |
| Urban Sprawl | Uncontrolled/unplanned growth of a city |
| Ku Klux Klan | White supremacist/terrorist organization that enforced Jim Crow laws |
| Calvin Coolidge | Took over after Harding Died-"The American business is business" |
| Fundamentalism | Idea that every word of the Christian Bible should be interpreted literally |
| Scopes Trial | Court hearing that turned into a debate over evolution |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Famous writer of the 1920's wrote "The Great Gatsby" |
| Sinclair Lewis | Famous investigative writer-exposed unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants, wrote "The Jungle" |
| Marcus Garvey | Establish Universal Negro Improvement Association to help blacks live better |
| Langston Hughes | Famous Afr-Am. poet, writer during Harlem Renaissance |
| Speculation | Driving up stock prices in hopes of reaping profits |
| Buying on Margin | Purchasing stocks using credit-very risky |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act | Hoover's attempt to protect American businesses by increasing taxes on imports |
| Bouder Dam | Built to control Colorado River & generate electricity |
| Bonus Army | WWI veterans who camped out in DC to get money promised to them. |
| Direct Relief | Cash Payments to individuals to help the buy food, clothing, pay rent |
| Federal Securities Act | Required business to provide complete financial information about their business |
| Huey Long | Vocal critic of New Deal, wanted to create the "Share Our Wealth" program |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | Provided $ to states to create jobs |
| Deficit Spending | Spending more $ than the govt. takes in |
| Glass-Steagall Act | Reorganized the banking system & established the FDIC |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | Supervised the Stock Market & eliminated dishonest practices |
| Works Progress Administration | Program to create jobs for Americans during Depression |
| Totalitarianism | Govt. system where it controls all aspects of life |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of Great Britain, worked with US during WWII |
| Appleasement | Giving in to an aggressor to achieve peace |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lightning War" Strategy of Nazi army using dive bombers, tanks & infantry |
| Non-aggression Pact | Agreement between Hitler & Stalin to not attack each other |
| Hideki Tojo | Prime Minister of Japan that helped lead Japan to bombing of Pearl Harbor |
| Joseph Stalin | Totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union |
| Genocide | The systematic targeting and killing of a particular group of people |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass" Attacks on Jewish homes, businesses & synagogues |
| Propaganda Posters | Used as a way to convince Americans of the civic duty to work hard, conserve & support the war |
| Executive Order 9066 | Order that allowed U.S. army to create relocation/internment camps for Japanese Americans |
| Executive Orders 8002 & 9981 | Orders that ended segregation in war industries and the military |
| Zoot Suit Riots | Racial fighting between Mex-Am's & US soldiers in California |
| Rationing | Only allowing a fixed amount of a commodity for each person/family |
| Bracero Program | Allowed Mexicans to work in US farms for planting & harvest |
| War Bonds | Way to pay for war-Americans lent money to US govt. |
| Black Market | Illegal trade of scarce goods-usually at higher prices |
| War Production Board | Govt. group that determined what war supplies were produced |
| War Labor Disputes Act | Allowed President to take over a factory if the workers refused to work. |
| Sicily | Island that was taken before Italy was invaded |
| Normandy Beaches | Omaha, Utah, Gold, Sword, Juno |
| Ultra | Decoded information from broken German messages |
| Island Hopping | US strategy for working its way across the Pacific to Japan |
| Coral Sea | 1st naval battle between US & Japan-stopped invasion of Australia |
| Guadalcanal | 1st step of Island Hopping campaign-Island of Death |
| Tarawa | Island in the Gilberts, allowed US to attack Marshalls & Marianas |
| Saipan | Main attack in Marianas-allowed US to bomb Japan with B-29's |
| Philippines & Leyte Gulf | Cut off Japan from oil, destroyed their navy & 1st use of kamikazes |
| Peleliu | Should have been "hopped" over by the US, beginning of war of attrition |
| Okinawa | Last island before home islands of Japan, over 100,000 Japanese died |
| Kamikazes | Pilots who flew their planes into US ships |
| Magic | Information from decoded Japanese messages used in Pacific |
| Manhattan Project | Code name for the plan to build the atomic bombs |
| Trinity | Test site in New Mexico of 1st atomic bomb |
| Fission | When atoms are split, releasing energy |
| Radiation | When atomic particles are released in the form of heat, light, & electricity |
| Great Depression | Largest economic downturn in US history, high unemployment, lost savings, businesses closed |
| Breadlines | People stood in these for hours to get food, primarily bread |
| Betsy Smith | Famous Jazz singer, great vocals, sang with Armstrong & Ellington |
