| A | B |
|---|
| Pope Urban II | pope who led the first crusade to regain the city of Jerusalem for Christians in 1096 |
| King Richard | English King who founght in third crusade and entered into a treaty with Saladin |
| King's Crusade | 3rd crusade led by Kings Richard of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of HRE |
| Levy | collect taxes |
| religious intolerance | policy of not allowing people to worship as they choose |
| Crusade | holy war |
| Schism | split between Roman and Byzantine church |
| Saladin | an able Muslim General/leader who negotiated a truce with King Richard of England to allow Christian pilgrims into Jerusalem |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen of Spain who imposed unity on the peoples of Spain and ended the tradition of religious tolerance in Spain |
| Reconquista | reconquering of Spain for Christianity |
| Exchequer | treasury |
| Jury | group of men sworn to speak the truth |
| Domesday Book | a comprehensive survey of all the landholdings or properties in England. |
| Parliament | an English advising body that was composed of the House of Nobles and the House of Commons |
| Louis IX | a French King who improved royal government by using roving officials expading royal courts ended serfdom and outlawing private wars” |
| Philip IV | a French King who thought the Monarchy should exert control over the papacy and attempted to tax the church |
| Estates General | a French advising body composed of three classes nobles clergy and commoners |
| common law | a legal system based on custom and court ruling |
| William the Conqueror | a King of England who came from Normandy established the Domesday book and the Great Council |
| Henry II | a King of England who established the use of common law and juries |
| Thomas Beckett | the archbishop of Canterbury who fought with Henry II over trying the clergy in the King’s court |
| Magna Carta | a document that King John was forced to sign by his nobles that gave nobles more freedoms and restricted the power of the king |
| Edward | an Anglo-Saxon King of England who died without a male heir to the throne |
| John | King of England who was the son of King Henry II he was very unpopular because he taxed the people heavily |
| Harold | the brother-in-law of King Edward who was defeated at the Battle of Hastings by Duke William |
| Hugh Capet | named the King of France by other nobles he ruled the small Ile de France |
| Philip II | a French King who quadrupled French land holdings |
| Holy Roman Empire | considered the weakest monarchy in Europe because of conflicts between church and state |
| Gregory VII | the pope who argued with Henry IV over lay investiture |
| Henry IV | “emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who fought with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture he did penance in the snow for three days |
| Concordant of Worms | an agreement over the lay investiture issue in which it was decided that popes would name their bishops while monarchs could assign cathedrals or parishes |
| Innocent III | the most powerful medieval pope who fought with King John of England Philip II of France and crushed the Albigensians in a bloody crusade |
| Otto I | this Holy Roman Emperor was rewarded for his service to the Pope by being crowned like Charlemagne |
| Frederick Barbarossa | a Holy Roman Emperor whose nickname was Red Beard and who died at sea on his way to the third crusade |
| Frederick II | Holy Roman Emperor who attempted to take Southern Italy and Sicily but wasted valuable resources while the feudal lords increased in strength |
| lay investiture | a practice by which a King or feudal lord chooses the bishop or archbishop |
| Albigensians | a group in France that wanted to purify the Church and return to the simpler ways of early Christianity |
| levy | to collect tax |
| Epic | long narrative poem |
| flying buttress | stone supports that stood outside a building |
| illumination | the artistic decoration of books |
| Dante | wrote Divine Comedy an imaginary journey through hell purgatory and a vision of heaven |
| Chaucer | wrote Canterbury Tales a story of pilgrims on a journey to visit the tomb of Thomas Becket |
| Scholasticism | a medieval philosophy that sought to show that faith and reason existed in harmony |
| Vernacular | the everyday language of ordinary people French German English and Italian |
| Thomas Aquinas | a scholastic philosopher who wrote Summa Theologica in which he tried to show how faith and reason existed in harmony |
| Christine de Pizan | Italian born woman who lived in French court her father made sure she was educated after her husband died before she spent the remainder of her years writing |
| Summa Theologica | work written by Thomas Aquinas in which he concluded that faith and reason existed in harmony Both led to the same truth that God ruled an orderly universe. |
| Divine Comedy | an imaginary journey through hell purgatory and a vision of heaven |
| Canterbury Tales | story of pilgrims on a journey to visit the tomb of Thomas Becket |
| Epidemic | outbreak of a rapid-spreading disease |
| long bow | weapon used during the Hundred Years War that gave England an early advantage over the French |
| Black Death | an epidemic of the bubonic plague that killed one third of Europe’s population |
| Jan Hus | a Bohemian reformer who believed that the bible should be written in the vernacular he was burned at the stake |
| Inflation | rising prices |
| Hundred Years’ War | war fought between the English and French over the French throne and English land in France |
| Joan of Arc | French peasant woman who rallied French troops in the Hundred Years War |
| John Wycliffe | an English reformer who believed that the bible should be written in English (or vernacular) so that the common man could read it |
| Pope Clement V | pope who move papacy to Avignon |
| Babylonian Captivity | period of time from 1309-1378 when the papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon France |
| Great Papal Schism | period of scandal in the church when there were multiple popes |
