| A | B |
|---|
| Topography | a land’s physical features or its top surface |
| clergy | people who are trained to perform religious services |
| Natural boundaries and farmland | rivers provide for the European territories |
| favorable geography | people migrate to Europe because . . . |
| central authority | in the hands of local leaders and landowners |
| Clovis I | Frankish leader who defeated the last of the Roman army in 486 |
| Charles Martel | defeated the Muslim army from Spain which ended last Muslim military invasions in Europe |
| Charlemagne | grandson of Charles Martel |
| Pope Leo III | shows his thanks by crowning Charlemagne emperor of the Romans |
| Treaty of Verdun | split empire into 3 parts |
| Study your map! | I know where areas are located in Europe |
| show pope had power and strengthen the churches power | crowning of Charlemagne is significant |
| Study your Question to Ponder answers | Europe's topography affects the climate how |
