| A | B |
|---|
| mutation | a mistake occurs during the copying of the DNA (DNA replications during the Synthesis Phase) |
| point mutation | a mutation that involves changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| base substitution | a point mutation when one nucleotide gets swapped out with an incorrect nucleotide |
| base insertion | when an extra nucleotide gets added in where it doesn't belong (causing a frame-shift) |
| base deletion | when a nucleotide gets removed from the strand (causes a frame-shift) |
| gene deletion | when an entire gene's sequence gets removed from a chromosome |
| gene duplication | when a gene's entire sequence gets repeated multiple times in a chromosome |
| gene inversion | when the location of two adjacent genes in a chromosome switch places (and sometimes direction) |
| gene translocation | when one part of a chromosome breaks off and relocates to a different area of the chromosome |
| mutagen | a chemical or physical agent in the environment that can cause mutations |
| examples of mutagens | pesticides, radiation, UV light, pollution |
| haploid | one set of chromosomes |
| diploid | two sets of chromosome |
| triploid | three sets of chromosomes |
| tetraploid | four sets of chromosomes |
