| A | B |
|---|
| crossing over | random gene jumping from one parent's chromosome the other parent's chromosome during Meiosis l |
| Inner Core | the most dense layer of the Earth |
| erosion | carrying away of sediment by wind or water |
| weathering | the breaking down of rocks into sediment |
| relative age | undisturbed layers of sedimentary rocks can tell us the _______ ______ of the rocks |
| wave | a disturbance that moves energy, not matter |
| trait | a characteristic |
| B | Blood type of children if Dad is Type O and Mom has BB |
| theory | an explanation of what scientists know about a topic |
| law | a scientific statement of what will always happen in a certain circumstance |
| meiosis | type of cell division in sexual reproduction |
| plate tectonics | movent of large pieces of the lithosphere |
| Acquired traits | characteristics not given to us by our genes |
| repetition | when one person does multiple trials of their experiment |
| replication | when one person uses another person's procedure to do the experiment again |
| rock cycle | series of events that turn rocks into other kinds of rocks |
| Outer Core | the only truly liquid layer of the Earth |
| sea floor spreading | this occurs at mid ocean ridges, allowing for the sea floor to be recycled |
| qualitative observation | Saying, "That dog is brown." is a _________ __________ |
| quantitative observation | Saying, "I see four dogs." is a _________ _________ |
| punnett square | tool used to predict the genotypes of offspring |
| Pangea | Wegener's name for the supercontinent |
| observation | information gathered using the senses |
| pedigree | visual tool used to show a trait being carried through many generations |
| continental crust | the thicker, less dense type of crust |
| heat | transfer of thermal energy |
| temperature | average kinetic energy of an object |
| thermal energy | total kinetic energy of the particles of an object |
| oceanic crust | thinnest, most dense type of crust |
| transverse boundary | boundary type where the plates slide or grind past each other |
| continental drift | Wegener's idea that the continets were drifting apart after having been together in a supercontinent |
| convection currents | the rising of warmer fluids and sinking of cooler fluids due to differences in density |
| empirical evidence | a big, fancy term for data |
| DRY MIX | The two words we remember to help us know which variable gets graphed on which axis |
| convergent boundary | a boundary where two plates move toward each other |
| divergent boundary | a boundary type that results (in the ocean) in a mid ocean ridge |
| subduction | what happens when two plates of different densities collide and the most dense one sinks beneath the less dense one |
| Mendel | The Father of Modern Genetcs |
| Independent variable | What the investigator changes purposefully in an experiment |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction of the outcome of an experiment |
| genotype | the type of genes given to you by your parents ex: Aa |
| dominant | the trait that will show up if you get at least one of the alleles for it in your genotype |
| earthquake | the result of a transverse boundary |
| deep ocean trench | the geologic feature that is a result of subduction |
| mid ocean ridge | the geologic feature that is a result of a divergent boundary under the ocean |
| phenotype | your physical traits, the physical expression of your genotypes |
| homologous pair | a pair of chromosomes that code for the same traits (one from you mother and one from your father) |
| gene | a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait |
| chromosome | a visible, twisted segment of DNA of which you have 46 |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| mantle | t of the Earth that is the widest and has convection currents in it |
| potential energy | stored energy due to an object's position or condition (the rock has a lot of this at the top of the hill) |
| igneous rock | rock that is from volcanic eruptions...born of fire |
| magma | lava beneath the surface of the Earth |
| homozygous | description of a genotype that has two alleles that are the same |
| mitosis | cell reproduction resulting in body cells that are clones |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's law stating that alleles separate |
| prediction | forecast of the future |
| Wegener | He came up with the idea of Continental Drift and died in a blizzard |
| radio waves | waves of the EMS that have the longest wavelength and the lowest energy |
| microwaves | the EM waves that higher energy than Radio Waves, but less than Infrared Waves |
| refraction | the bending of light when it moves from one medium (substance) to another |
| gamma rays | the highest energy EM waves with the shortest wavelength |
| absorbs | Black objects do this to light |
| visible light | the only EM waves that we can see |
| ROYGBIV | the way we remember the colors of the rainbow |
| refracts | a mirror does this to light |
| lithosphere | the rigid layer of the Earth consisting of the crust and the upper mantle |
| solid | the state of matter when the particles are vibrating, but are very close to each other |
| inference | an explanation of the present or the past, based upon observations |
| gamete | name for sex cell (like egg or sperm) |
| pressure | this, along with heta, increases the deeper into the Earth you go |
| zygote | itty, bitty, teeny, tiny, single-celled you |
| artificial selection | when humans pick the traits they want and breed plants or animals to get those traits in offspring |
| asthenosphere | the lower, bendier part of the mantle, on the BOTTOM of the lithosphere |
| biotechnology | using our knowledge of Biology to solve problems |
| Conservation of Energy | The law that states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed |
| warmer | heat always flows from ____ objects to cooler ones |
| electromagnetic | type of wave that can move through the vacuum of space |
| light | type of energy that includes the EM spectrum |
| chemical energy | the type of energy we get from the food we eat |
| Watson and Crick | the two names most often associated with the discovery of the structure of DNA |
| nucleotide | a sugar, a phosphate, and a base |
| temperature | this increase when heat is added to a substance |
| speed of light | the speed at which EM waves move through a vacuum |
| thymine | nitrogen base that always bonds with adenine |
| conclusions | we draw ____________ after we analyze our data |
| data | observations collected |
| liquid | state of matter in which particles move freely enough to slide past each other |
| adenine | nitrogen base that always bonds with thymine |
| absolute age | radioactive dating is used to determine this about rocks |
| testable | your hypothesis must be __________ |
| sedimentary | type of rock that is made from sediment being cemented together |
| metamorphic | rock name that means big change due to heat and pressure |
| weak hydrogen bonds | these hold nucleotides together |
| bends | what light does when it moves from air into water |
| purebred | another name for homozygous |
| guanine | nitrogen base that always bonds with cytosine |
| igneous | type of rock meaning born of fire |
| cytosine | nitrogen base that always bonds with guanine |
| hybrid | another name for heterozygous |
| somatic cells | body cells |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's law stating that genes are inherited separate from each other |
| A green frog reflects which color | green |
| all colors except green | what color(s) does a green frog absorb |
| offspring | babies/ children |
| first filial | What does F1 mean? |
| convection | heat transfer in fluids where actual particles move from place to place depending upon their density |
| conduction | heat transfer by touching |
| radiation | heat transfer in waves |
| diploid | this means having a full set of chromosomes (46 in humans) |
| haploid | this means having a half set of chromosomes (in humans, 23) |
| gametes | In humans, these cells have 23 chromosomes |
| chromosome | coiled up segment of DNA-often looks like an X |
| sister chromatid | one half of a chromosome |
| centromere | this holds the two sister chromatids together |
| deposition | process of laying down sediment, usually in water |
| compaction | the squishing/squeezing together of deposited sediment |
| cementation | the natural gluing of compacted sediment, turning it into sedimentary rock |
| sugars | these alternate with phosphates to make the sides of the DNA "ladder" or "backbone" |
| phosphates | these alternate with sugars to make the sides of the DNA "ladder" or "backbone" |
| double helix | the shape of the DNA molecule |
| genetic engineering | process in which a piece of DNA is modified for use in research, medicine, agriculture, or industry |
| clone | a genetically identical organism (often a result of asexual reproduction) |
| XX | genotype for human female |
| XY | genotype for human male |
| probability | the chance of something happening |
| ratio | a comparison of two quantities in relation to each other (2:1, for example) |
| heredity | passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| pea plants | organisms studied by Mendel |
| anaphase | phase of mitosis in which chromosomes separate and chromatids move to the poles |
| metaphase | phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line upin the middle (equator) of the cell |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divions when the cell does little cell things, grows and copies the DNA |
| prophase | the first phase of mitosis (its prefix means 'before') |
| cytokinesis | phase of mitosis in which the sytoplasm separates and the two new cells move away from each other |
| background information | you must collect this before making a testable hypothesis |
| wavelength | wave measurement that goes from crest to crest or from trough to trough |
| trough | the bottom part of a wave |
| crest | the top part of a wave |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| Geology | study of the Earth |
| cell cycle | another name for the life cycle of a cell |
| amplitude | wave measurement from the resting point (or midline) to the crest or to the trough |
| frequency | the number of waves that pass a given point in a second |
| medium | substance that a wave is moving through |
| cell | smallest unit of living things |
| tissue | a group of cells working together |
| organ | a group of tissues working together |
| organism | a group of organs working together |
| population | a group of the same species living in the same area |
| community | group of all populations living in an area |
| ecosystem | community plus the physical environment |
| biosphere | collection of all ecosystems in the world |
| energy transformation | energy changing from one form to another |
| fossil | preserved parts or traces of an organism that lived long ago |
| trace fossil | preserved evidence of the behavior of an organism that lived long ago (like tracks) |
| geologic column | a theoretical set of rock layers from different sites that allow the relative age of the rocks to be determined |
| Kinetic theory of matter | explains that all matter is made up of randomly moving particles |
| mutation | an unexpected genetic result |
| hertz | the unit of measure of a wave's frequency |
| model | what scientists study when their subject of study is too big, too small, too far away, or too dangerous (could be a map, a plastic representation, etc.) |
| opaque | no light gets through |
| tanslucent | some light gets through |
| transparent | all light gets through='see-through' |
| radioactive decay | the decay of radioactive material that allows scientists to determine the absolute age of rocks |
| Law of Superposition | states that in an undisturbed set of rock layers, the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top |
