| A | B |
| Was persecuted for criticizing the geocentric model | Galileo |
| Used only lenses to gather light | refracting telescope |
| Used only mirrors to gather light | reflecting telescope |
| Theory where the earth was the center of the solar system | Geocentric |
| Formulated the 3 laws of planetary motion | Kepler |
| The sun was determined to be the center of the solar system | Heliocentric |
| Made very precise measurements of the stars | Brahe |
| Thought groups of stars were islands of the universe | Herschel |
| Introduced a heliocentric model | Copernicus |
| Proposed deferents and epicycles | Ptolemy |
| discovery of galaxies and nebula | Hubble |