| A | B |
|---|
| Kitchen Debate | Nixon debated Khrushchev over merits of capitalism vs. communism= Made Nixon popular |
| Television in the Election of 1960 | 4 TV debates= Kennedy seemed vigorous/comfortable unlike the pale/tense Nixon |
| Kennedy's Campaign | Attacked Eisenhower admin. for recent recession and for permitting Soviets to take lead in arms race (i.e. Sputnik justified statement)= First Catholic candidate since 1928 and troubled voters (Religious loyalties thus helped Nixon in rural Protestant areas but helped Kennedy in large cities) |
| Kennedy's Presidency | Youngest candidate ever elected as president; youth added personal style to presidency= Promised a New Frontier |
| New Frontier Programs | Aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights= Had problems passing through Congress= Successfully faced down big steel executives over an inflationary price increase and achieved price rollback (also helped economy with increased spending on defense/space exploration) |
| Peace Corps | (Foreign aid organization) Recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries |
| Alliance for Progress | (Foreign aid organization) Promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America |
| Trade Expansion Act | (Foreign aid organization) Allowed tariff reductions with recently formed European Economic Community of Western European nations |
| Bay of Pigs (1961) | Invasion of CIA-trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime= Failed to set off uprising as planned; force was trapped; surrendered; not helped by U.S.= Castro used invasion to get more aid from Soviets |
| Berlin Wall | Built after Khrushchev ordered, and Kennedy refused, that U.S. troops be pulled from Berlin (demanded in a Soviet/U.S. meeting in Vienna)= Was meant to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany= RESULT: Soviet/U.S. tanks faced off in Berlin (but no motion to stop wall's construction) and Kennedy went to West Berlin to assure them of continued U.S. support |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | Caused when U.S. spy planes saw Russions building underground Cuban missile launching sites= RESULT: Kennedy set up naval blockade of Cuba (until weapons removed)= Khrushchev removed weapons on terms that U.S. wouldn't invade nation |
| Result of Cuban Missile Crisis | Telecommunications hot line bade between Washington and Moscow (allowing direct talk during crisis) |
| Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | (Signed by Soviets/U.S./etc.) Ended atmospheric nuclear weapon testing= Was offset by another arms race |
| Flexible Response | Policy made due to the many brush fire wars in Africa/Southeast Asia= Moved away from spending on nuclear weapons to conventional military forces= RESULT: Reduced risk of using nukes but also increased temptation to send forces into combat in 3rd world countries |
| Kennedy's Assassination | Shocked many (watched TV)= Killed by Lee Harvey Oswald (also assassinated)= Warren Commission concluded Oswald was lone assassin= Many unanswered questions (thus conspiracies)= Marked beginning of loss of gov. credibility |
| Lyndon Johnson | Quickly became pres.= Seemed less sophisticated/polished than the wealthy/well educated Kennedy but was a more experienced lawmaker/politician |
| Johnson's Goals | Expanded social reforms of New Deal= Got Congress to pass extended version of Kennedy's civil rights bill and Kennedy's income tax cut (which increased jobs, consumer spending, and caused a long economic expansion |
| The Other America | (Written by Michael Harrington) Focused attention on many poor Americans= Caused Johnson's "War on Poverty" (which was successful) |
| Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) | (Was how Johnson got everything he asked for from congress) Had a billion $ budget= Sponsored many self-help programs for poor (EX: Head Start for preschoolers, Job Corps for vocational education, literacy programs, legal services)= Created the controversial Community Action Program which allowed poor to run antipoverty programs |
| Johnson's Great Society Reforms | Medicare (=health insurance program for those 65 and older), Medicaid (=gov. paid health care for the poor and the disabled), Elementary and Secondary Education Act (=gave aid to poor school districts), new immigration law (=abolished discriminatory quotas based on origins and increased opportunities for Asians/Latin Americans to emigrate to U.S.), 2 new cabinet departments (=Department of Transportation [DOT] and the Department of Housing and Urban Development [HUD]) |
| Unsafe at Any Speed (1965) | (Written by Ralph Nader) Caused the creation of automotive-regulatory industries |
| Silent Spring (1962) | (Written to Rachel Carson) Exposed the badness of pesticides and caused the creation of clean air/water laws (Lady Bird Johnson also improved environment with her Beautify America campaign) |
| Civil Rights Act | Made segregation illegal in all public facilities/hotels/restaurants and gave fed. gov. more powers to enforce school desegregation |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | (Set up by Civil Rights Act) Meant to end racial discrimination in employment |
| Twenty-fourth Amendment | Abolished practice of collecting poll tax (one of the measures that discouraged poor person from voting) |
| Voting Rights Act | Passed in reaction to brutality towards voting rights marches led by Martin Luther King in Alabama= Ended literacy tests/provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting (mostly impacted Deep South) |
| Civil Right Problems: Schools | James Meredith (=young black air force veteran) enrolled and got into the University of Mississippi; Kennedy sent in many troops/federal marshals to control mob violence and protect Meredith's right to attend class= Governor George Wallace also tried to stop black students from entering University of Alabama; Kennedy sent troops and students were admitted |
| Describe Martin Luther King's leadership | Despite White extremist violence/bombing/beatings against blacks and freedom riders (=traveled through South registering blacks/desegregating the society), King was committed to nonviolent protests against segregation= When jailed, people thought he was jailed unjustly |
| March on Washington (1963) | Huge/successful/nonviolent march on Washington of black and whites in support of civil rights bill= King gave "I have a dream" speech which called for end of racial prejudice |
| March to Montgomery (1965) | Voting rights march from Selma to Alabama that was met with police beatings= Johnson sent in troops to protect Dr. King and others and also sponsored voting rights bill (Many were growing tired of slow change) |
| Elijah Muhammad | Led the Black Muslim movement and preached black nationalism/separatism/self-improvement= Attracted many and adopted name Malcolm X after a prison sentence= Criticized King as an Uncle Tom (=subservient to whites) and advocated self-defense (=black violence to counter white violence)= Left Black Muslims and founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity (but was assassinated by black opponents) |
| What were the new young black organizations influenced by Malcolm X's radicalism? | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)= SNCC dismissed nonviolence and advocated "black power" (i.e. economic power) and racial separatism |
| Black Panthers | Organized by black militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self-rule for American blacks |
| Race Riots | (Some though Panthers caused them) Riots that erupted in black neighborhoods of major cities from 1964-68 (EX: Watts riot in LA killed 34 people) |
| Kerner Commission | Federal investigation of riots that concluded racism/segregation were responsible of riots and U.S. was becoming 2 cities (1 white, 1 black [separate and unequal]) |
| King's Assassination | King got Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 but his nonviolent approach was being pressured (i.e. peaceful marches in cities were less successful)= King broke with Johnson over Vietnam War (because war was draining money from social programs)= Shot by white man in Memphis, Tennessee while on motel balcony= RESULT: Riots in 168 cities across country (violence revealed anger/frustrations of blacks in North and South) |
| Earl Warren | Chief Justice who dealt with "Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka" case (most important case of 20th century involving race relations)= Besides race, he made decisions on criminal justice, state politics, property rights, and protection of individual rights= Also extended rights in 1st Amendment to protect radical actions of demonstrators and students and to permit greater latitude under freedom of the press, to ban religious activities from public schools, and to guarantee adults' rights to use contraceptives |
| Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) | (Earl Warren case) Ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused |
| Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963) | (Earl Warren case) Required that state courts provide counsel (services of an attorney) for poor convicts |
| Escobedo vs. Illinois (1964) | (Earl Warren case) Required police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent |
| Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) | (Earl Warren case) Extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police |
| Baker vs. Carr (1962) | (Earl Warren case) Declared practice of at least one house of legislature (usually state senate) to be based upon drawing of district lines that favored rural areas to disadvantage of large cities= Created principle of one man, one vote (=meant election districts had to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of state's citizens) |
| Yates vs. United States (1957) | (Earl Warren case) Said that 1st Amendment protected radical/revolutionary speech, even Communists, unless it was a clear and present danger to the safety of the country |
| Engel vs. Vitale (1962) | (Earl Warren case) Ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the 1st Amendment's provision for separation of church and state |
| Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965) | (Earl Warren case) Ruled that, in recognition of a person's right to privacy, a state couldn't prohibit use of contraceptives by adults (was foundation for later abortion cases) |
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) | Radical students (led by Tom Hayden) issued declaration of purposes known as Port Huron Statement (=called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy so students would have a voice)= Supporters became known as the "New Left" |
| Free Speech Movement | Movement/protest of Berkeley students who demanded an end to university restrictions on student political activities |
| Result of Free Speech Movement | Many other students across country opposed many university rules (i.e. those against drinking and dorm visits of the opposite sex)= Also demanded greater voice in government of university= Involvement grew with the Vietnam War |
| Weathermen | Most radical of the SDS who embraced violence/vandalism in attacks on American institutions |
| New Left's effect on young people | When along with counterculture expressed by young rebellious styles of dress/music/drugs/communal living= Dress of hippies/flower children of the 60's included long hair/beards/beads/jeans= Folk music gave voice to the younger generation's protests while the ock provided the beat for the counterculture= Many experimented with hallucinogenic= Last final explosion of counterculture was at the Woodstock Music Festival in NY (was destroyed by economic uncertainties/excesses) |
| Sexual Revolution | Alfred Kinsey led sexual practice survey; Research showed premarital sex/marital infidelity/homosexuality were very common= Medicine/technology played role in tempting people to engage in casual sex with others/a consumer product= RESULT: Later outbreak of Aids/rape/illegitimate births made people angry with the movement |
| The Feminine Mystique (1963) | (Written by Betty Friedan) Gave the renewed women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife/mother/homemaker (movement sparked by increased education/employment of women, civil rights movement, and sexual revolution) |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | (Betty Friedan helped found it) Adopted activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal female treatment |
| What were 2 anti-discriminatory laws (helped passed by the NOW) | Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | Greatest feminist victory= Called for equality for both sexes, always= Barely missed acceptance and was defeated (due to conservative reaction to radical feminists) |
| Kennedy and Vietnam | Adopted domino theory (if South fell to communism, rest of southeast asia would fall)= Thus continued U.S. military aid; increased number of military trainers/advisers in Vietnam; created armed villages= Army's role was support, not combat |
| Was Kennedy successful in Vietnam? Why? | No because Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam's leader) was increasingly hated (i.e. Buddhists in capital Saigon lit themselves on fire in protest to Diem's policies)= After Kennedy killed, Diem was overthrown/killed by South Vietnamese generals |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | (Permitted U.S. entry into war) Gave Lyndon Johnson permission/blank check to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam= Passed after Johnson told congress of North Vietnamese gunboats shooting U.S. forces in the Gulf of Tonkin (used to go to war and to silence Republican critics saying democrats were "soft" with the Vietcong [Communist guerrillas])= Later seen as illegal because U.S. entry into war wasn't declared by Congress (as required in constitution) |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | Prolonged air attack using B-52 bombers in North Vietnam (authorized after a Vietcong attack on U.S. base at Pleiku)= Later used troops to fight Vietcong (used search-and-destroy tactics which further alienated peasants) |
| Problems with Vietnam War | Credibility Gap (=Misinformation/lack of communication in government and with the U.S./press; Johnson didn't tell true nature/cost of war)= Johnson in a loose-loose situation (fighting to save a hated government and if he pulled out, would be seen as coward) |
| Hawks | Supports of war; believed war was act of Soviet-backed communist aggression against South Vietnam and that it was part of master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia |
| Doves | Opponents of war; viewed conflict as civil war fought by Vietnamese nationalists and communists (who wanted to unite country by overthrowing corrupt Saigon government)= Some opposed because money/life cost (wanted war money to fix city/poor problems)= College Students were biggest opponents because after school they could be drafted |
| Lunar New Year (Tet) | Vietcong launched huge/surprise attack on every provincial capital/American base in South Vietnam; destroyed/took many cities= U.S. counterattacked; inflicted heavier losses on Vietcong; recovered territory= RESULT: Victory for Vietcong/North Vietnamese because Americans were shocked/angered by set back (despite American victory); many then disliked Johnson's Vietnam Policy |
| Result of Tet | Joint Chiefs wanted more troops; denied= Johnson, on TV, promised to limit North bombing and negotiate peace; announced that he wouldn't run again for pres. |
| Vietnam Peace Talks | Between North/South Vietnam and U.S.= Unsuccessful (deadlock over small things)= War went on; many died; began removal of U.S. troops |
| Robert Kennedy | Ran for pres. against McCarthy= Attracted blue-collar and minority voters= Assassinated in California by Arab nationalist who opposed Kennedy's support for Israel |
| Chicago Police Riot | Antiwar demonstrators controlled streets outside Democratic convention; many police dispatched; resulted in violence= RESULT: Showed that Democratic party was divided (happened during 1968 pres. election) |
